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l ages sneeze from underfoot snuff--in other words, the attempt at ventilation, which is totally useless--has cost the country more than would be necessary to supply this vast metropolis with telegraphic wire communication for a century. In conclusion, I must state that in this country several establishments and individuals have their own private telegraphs, in a similar manner to that referred to at New York, and many more would do the same, did not vested interests interfere. FOOTNOTES: [Footnote AX: _Vide_ observations on this subject in Chapter X.] [Footnote AY: Extract from lecture delivered by S.B. Ruggles, at New York, October, 1852.] [Footnote AZ: This extract is from a lecture by S.B. Ruggles to the citizens of Rochester, October, 1849.] [Footnote BA: The neighbouring colony "whips" the Republic in canals. Vessels from 350 to 400 tons can pass the St. Lawrence and Welland Canals. Nothing above 75 tons can use the Erie Canal.] [Footnote BB: The governor of the State, in his annual message, 1854, calls attention to the fact, that the toll on the canals is rapidly decreasing, and will be seriously imperilled if steps are not taken to enlarge it.] [Footnote BC: By the Illinois and Michigan Canal the ocean lakes communicate with the Mississippi; and when the channel is made by Lake Nipissing, there will be an unbroken watercourse between New Orleans, New York, Bytown, and Quebec.] [Footnote BD: There are upwards of 5000 miles of canal in America.] [Footnote BE: _Vide_ an able paper on railways, written by that officer and published in that valuable work, _Aide Memoire to the Military Sciences_; or for fuller particulars the reader is referred to Report on the Railways of the United States, by Capt. Douglas Galton, R.N., recently issued.] [Footnote BF: This is without the expenses arising from law and parliamentary proceedings.] [Footnote BG: I believe the railway from Charleston to Savannah was entirely laid down on this plan.] [Footnote BH: Mr. Jones, in his _Historical Sketch of the Electric Telegraph_, makes the calculation 40l. a mile, and estimates that, to erect them durably, would cost 100l. a mile.] [Footnote BI: Having alluded in the text to the systems of Morse, Bain, and House, I must apologize for omitting to add, that the system of Cook and Wheatstone consists simply of a deflecting needle--or needles--which being acted upon by the currents, are, according to the manipu
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