1. common law; 2. chancery. When
by the Declaration of Independence, they chose to abolish their former
organs of declaring their will, the acts of will already formally and
constitutionally declared, remained untouched. For the nation was not
dissolved, was not annihilated; its will, therefore, remained in full
vigor: and on the establishing the new organs, first of a convention,
and afterwards a more complicated legislature, the old acts of national
will continued in force, until the nation should, by its new organs,
declare its will changed. The common law, therefore, which was not
in force when we landed here, nor till we had formed ourselves into a
nation, and had manifested by the organs we constituted that the common
law was to be our law, continued to be our law; because the nation
continued in being, and because, though it changed the organs for
the future declarations of its will, yet it did not change its former
declarations that the common law was its law. Apply these principles to
the present case. Before the revolution there existed no such nation
as the United States: they then first associated as a nation, but for
special purposes only. They had all their laws to make, as Virginia had
on her first establishment as a nation. But they did not, as Virginia
had done, proceed to adopt a whole system of laws ready made to their
hand. As their association as a nation was only for special purposes,
to wit, for the management of their concerns with one another and with
foreign nations, and the States composing the association chose to give
it powers for those purposes and no others, they could not adopt any
general system, because it would have embraced objects on which this
association had no right to form or declare a will. It was not the organ
for declaring a national will in these cases. In the cases confided to
them, they were free to declare the will of the nation, the law, but
till it was declared there could be no law. So that the common law did
not become, _ipso facto_, law on the new association; it could
only become so by a positive adoption, and so far only as they were
authorized to adopt.

I think it will be of great importance, when you come to the proper
part, to portray at full length the consequences of this new doctrine,
that the common law is the law of the United States and that their
courts have, of course, jurisdiction co-extensive with that law, that is
to say, general over all cases and p