llion (f.o.b., 1998)

Exports--commodities: textiles and apparel 30%, foodstuffs 15%,
iron and steel products 13% (1997)

Exports--partners: Germany 20%, US 9%, Russia 5%, UK 6%, Italy 6%
(1998)

Imports: $47 billion (f.o.b., 1998)

Imports--commodities: machinery and equipment 50%, fuels,
minerals, foodstuffs (1997)

Imports--partners: Germany 16%, Italy 9%, US 9%, Russia 6%, UK 6%,
France 2% (1997)

Debt--external: $93.4 billion (1998)

Economic aid--recipient: ODA, $195 million (1993)

Currency: Turkish lira (TL)

Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1--331,400 (January
1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997), 81,405 (1996), 45,845.1
(1995), 29,608.7 (1994)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Communications

Telephones: 17 million (in addition, there are 1.5 million
cellular telephone subscribers) (1997 est.)

Telephone system: fair domestic and international systems;
undergoing modernization and refurbishment programs
domestic: cable; AMPS standard cellular system in Ashkhabad with
plans for expansion
international: 12 satellite earth stations--Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean), Eutelsat, and Inmarsat (Indian and Atlantic Ocean regions);
3 submarine fiber-optic cables (1996); connected internationally by
the Trans-Asia-Europe Fiber-Optic Line that became operational in
1998

Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: there are 36 national broadcast stations, 108 regional
broadcast stations, and 1,058 local broadcast stations (1996)

Radios: 9.4 million (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 69 (in addition, there are 476
low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions: 10.53 million (1993 est.)

Transportation

Railways:
total: 10,386 km
standard gauge: 10,386 km 1.435-m gauge (1,088 km electrified)

Highways:
total: 382,397 km
paved: 95,599 km (including 1,560 km of expressways)
unpaved: 286,798 km (1997 est.)

Waterways: about 1,200 km

Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km;
natural gas 708 km

Ports and harbors: Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir,
Kocaeli (Izmit), Icel (Mersin), Samsun, Trabzon

Merchant marine:
total: 531 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,913,171
GRT/9,832,994 DWT
ships by type: bulk 159, cargo 239, chemical tanker 32, combination
bulk 5, combination ore/oil 6, container 12, liquefied gas tanker 5,
oil tanker 36, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated car