ing,
that is, by producing lateral shoots.

46. Roots branch from any part and usually without definite order. Stems
normally give rise to branches only at definite points, namely, at the
nodes, and there only from the axils of leaves.

47. =Buds= (Fig. 72, 73). Every incipient shoot is a _Bud_ (12). A stem
continues its growth by its _terminal bud_; it branches by the formation
and development of _lateral buds_. As normal lateral buds occupy the
axils of leaves, they are called _axillary buds_. As leaves are
symmetrically arranged on the stem, the buds in their axils and the
branches into which axillary buds grow partake of this symmetry. The
most conspicuous buds are the scaly winter-buds of most shrubs and trees
of temperate and cold climates; but the name belongs as well to the
forming shoot or branch of any herb.

[Illustration: Fig. 72. Shoot of Horse-chestnut, of one year's growth,
taken in autumn after the leaves have fallen; showing the large terminal
bud and smaller axillary buds.]

[Illustration: Fig. 73. Similar shoot of Shagbark Hickory, Carya alba.]

48. =The Terminal Bud=, in the most general sense, may be said to exist
in the embryo,--as cotyledons, or the cotyledons and plumule,--and to
crown each successive growth of the simple stem so long as the summit is
capable of growth. The whole ascending growth of the Palm, Cycas, and
the like (such as in Fig. 71) is from a terminal bud. Branches, being
repetitions of the main stem and growing in the same way, are also
lengthened by terminal buds. Those of Horse-chestnut, Hickory, Maples,
and such trees, being the resting buds of winter, are conspicuous by
their protective covering of scales. These bud-scales, as will hereafter
be shown, are themselves a kind of leaves.

49. =Axillary Buds= were formed on these annual shoots early in the
summer. Occasionally they grow the same season into branches; at least,
some of them are pretty sure to do so whenever the growing terminal bud
at the end of the shoot is injured or destroyed. Otherwise they may lie
dormant until the following spring. In many trees or shrubs these
axillary buds do not show themselves until spring; but if searched for,
they may be detected, though of small size, hidden under the bark.
Sometimes, although early formed, they are concealed all summer long
under the base of the leaf-stalk, which is then hollowed out into a sort
of inverted cup, like a candle-extinguisher, to cover them; as in