w to deal with them. He consulted Wazo, the Bishop of
Liege, who tells us that the French were "infuriated" against
heretics. These words would seem to prove that the heretics of the
day were prosecuted more vigorously than the documents we possess go
to show. It is probable that the Bishop of Chalons detested the
"fury" of the persecutors. We will see later on the answer that Wazo
sent him.

During the Christmas holidays of 1051 and 1052, a number of
Manicheans or Cathari, as they were called, were executed at Goslar,
after they had refused to renounce their errors. Instead of being
burned, as in France, "they were hanged."

These heretics were executed by the orders of Henry III, and in his
presence. But the chronicler of the event remarks that every one
applauded the Emperor's action, because he had prevented the spread
of the leprosy of heresy, and thus saved many souls.[1]

[1] Heriman, Aug. _Chronicon_, ann. 1052, _Mon. Germ, SS_., vol. v.
p. 130. Cf. Lamberti, _Annales_, 1053, ibid., p. 155.

Twenty-five years later, in 1076 or 1077, a Catharan of the district
of Cambrai appeared before the Bishop of Cambrai and his clerics, and
was condemned as a heretic. The Bishop's officers and the crowd at
once seized him, led him outside the city's gates, and while he knelt
and calmly prayed, they burned him at the stake.[1]

[1] Chronicon S. Andreae Camerac, iii, 3, in the _Mon. Germ. SS_.,
vol. vii, p. 540. We have a letter of Gregory VII in which he
denounces the irregular character of this execution. Ibid., p. 540,
n. 31.

A little while before this the Archbishop of Ravenna accused a man
named Vilgard of heresy, but what the result of the trial was, we
cannot discover. But we do know that during this period other persons
were prosecuted for heresy, and that they were beheaded or sent to
the stake.

At Monteforte near Asti, the Cathari had, about 1034, an important
settlement. The Marquis Mainfroi, his brother, the Bishop of Asti,
and several noblemen of the city, united to attack the castrum; they
captured a number of heretics, and on their refusing to return to the
orthodox faith, they sent them to the stake.

Other followers of the sect were arrested by the officers of
Eriberto, the Archbishop of Milan, who endeavored to win them back to
the Catholic faith. Instead of being converted, they tried to spread
their heresy throughout the city. The civil magistrates, realizing
their corrupting influence, had a s