[1] Letter of Evervin, provost of Steinfeld to St. Bernard, cap. ii,
in _Bernardi Opera_, Migne, P.L., vol. clxxxii, col. 677.

One of the most famous heretics of the twelfth century was Peter of
Bruys. His hostility toward the clergy helped his propaganda in
Gascony. To show his contempt for the Catholic religion, he burned a
great number of crosses one Good Friday, and roasted meat in the
flames. This angered the people against him. He was seized and burned
at St. Giles about the year 1126.[1]

Henry of Lausanne was his most illustrious disciple. We have told the
story of his life elsewhere.[1] St. Bernard opposed him vigorously,
and succeeded in driving him from the chief cities of Toulouse and
the Albigeois, where he carried on his harmful propaganda. He was
arrested a short time afterwards (1145 or 1146), and sentenced to
life imprisonment, either in one of the prisons of the Archbishop, or
in some monastery of Toulouse.

[1] _Vie de Saint Bernard_, 1st edit., Paris, 1895, vol. ii, pp.
218-233.

Arnold of Brescia busied himself more with questions of discipline
than with dogma; the only reforms he advocated were social
reforms.[1] He taught that the clergy should not hold temporal
possessions, and he endeavored to drive the papacy frown Rome. In
this conflict, which involved the property of ecclesiastics and the
temporal power of the Church, he was, although successful for a time,
finally vanquished.[2] St. Bernard invoked the aid of the secular arm
to rid France of him. Later on Pope Eugenius III excommunicated him.
He was executed during the pontificate of Adrian IV, in 1155. He was
arrested in the city of Rome after a riot which was quelled by the
Emperor Frederic, now the ally of the Pope, and condemned to be
strangled by the prefect of the city. His body was then burned, and
his ashes thrown into the Tiber, "for fear," says a writer of the
time, "the people would gather them up, and honor them as the ashes
of a martyr."[3]

[1] For details concerning Arnold of Brescia, cf. Vacandard, _Vie de
Saint Bernard_, vol. ii, pp. 235-258, 465-469.

[2] Otto Frising, _Gesta Friderici_, lib. ii. cap. xx. Cf. _Historia
Pontificalis_, in the _Mon. Germ. SS_., vol. xx, p. 538.

[3] Boso, _Vita Hadriani_, in Watterich, _Romanorum pontificum Vitae_,
vol. ii. pp. 326, 330.

In 1148, the Council of Rheims judged the case of the famous Eon de
l'Etoile (Eudo de Stella). This strange individual had acquired a
reputation