Sec. 11. Competition modified by authoritative
distribution. Sec. 12. Meanings of socialism. Sec. 13. Philosophic socialism.
Sec. 14. Socialism in action. Sec. 15. Origin of the radical socialist party.
Sec. 16. The two pillars of "scientific" socialism. Sec. 17. Aspects of the
materialistic philosophy of history. Sec. 18. Utopian nature of "scientific"
socialism. Sec. 19. Its unreal and negative character. Sec. 20. Revisionism and
opportunism in the socialist party. Sec. 21. Alluring claims of
party-socialism. Sec. 22. Growth and nature of the socialist vote. Sec. 23.
Economic legislation and the political parties.

Sec. 1. #The distribution of incomes#. The great economic progress of the
past two centuries has been mainly in lines of technical production.
The developing natural sciences and mechanic arts have given men a
marvelously increased control over forces and materials. This has
multiplied the quantities of goods of most kinds at the disposal of
men, collectively considered. All men, with rare exceptions, have
been gainers; but the increased production has been very unequally
distributed among the members of the community. More and more
insistently the plea and the demand have been made for better methods
of distribution that will give to the masses of the people a larger
share of the goods produced. Production is largely a problem of the
technical arts; distribution is a problem of social economy.

Two aspects of distribution may be distinguished: functional
distribution is the attribution of value (yields) to wealth and labor
considered impersonally, as groups of productive agents; and personal
distribution is the actual movement of incomes into the control of
persons.[1] Personal incomes, whether monetary, real, or psychic,
are the sum of a number of elements. Some parts are due to services
performed by the person himself. When one combs his own hair he
is performing for himself a service that is a part of his income.
Benjamin Franklin said it was better to teach a boy to shave himself
than to give him a thousand dollars with which to pay barbers for a
life-time. Other parts of income are the uses and fruits of legally
controlled wealth; chance finds, as gifts of value or lost and
abandoned goods; goods assigned to one by authority; wealth inherited;
illegal gains by robbery; goods secured on credit; gifts either
of things or of services. The many methods by which incomes are
distributed