an integral part. It also declared that the government created
by the compact was not made the final judge, each party having a right
to ratify or annul that judgment as an individual State, that is, such
laws as were deemed unconstitutional. This doctrine he prepared, and the
paper was presented to the legislature where it became known as the
South Carolina Exposition. The next we see of it is in the Senate of the
United States, where the doctrine is brought forward by Mr. Hayne, which
led to his world-famed debate with Mr. Webster.

Then followed the passage of the tariff bill and the nullification act,
whereby South Carolina signified her determination to resist the laws;
and the final compromise measure of Henry Clay which happily settled the
difficulty at this time. Calhoun was now a senator and soon formed one
of the powerful trio in opposition to president Jackson. He
characterized Jackson's distribution of the surplus left by the United
States bank as an attempt to seize onto the power of Congress and unite,
in his own hands, the sword and purse.

He declared that he had placed himself with the minority to serve his
gallant State, nor would he turn on his heel if thereby he could be
placed at the head of the government. He thought that corruption had
taken such a hold of it that any man who attempted reform would not be
sustained. The American Anti-slavery Society having sent tracts
denunciatory to slavery throughout the South, and as it was believed
that such measures had a tendency to incite the slaves to insurrection,
Calhoun brought in a bill subjecting to severe punishment any postmaster
who should knowingly receive any such matter for distribution in any
State which should pass a law prohibiting the circulation of such. The
bill failed on a final vote, twenty-five to nineteen.

He maintained that Congress had no jurisdiction over the subject of
slavery; that it was a recognized institution; that the inequality of
the negro was manifest; that in slavery they held their true position
and to change their condition was to place them wholly dependent upon
the State for support. Calhoun, believed that the relations between the
races was right, morally and politically, and demanded that the
institution of slavery be protected.

The bill recommended by Jackson, to restrict the sale of public lands to
actual settlers and that in limited quantities, drew from him a most
fiery speech. He claimed that the measure