to a
careful investigation of lines. Furthermore, Zeuxis gave more content to
the limbs and painted them fuller and more portly. In this regard, as is
believed, he followed Homer, who delights in the most powerful forms,
even in women. Parrhasius, however, has such a determinative influence
that he is called the law-giver of painting, because the types of gods
and heroes which he created were followed and adopted by others as
norms.

Thus painting flourished from about the time of Philip to that of the
successors of Alexander, but with great diversity of talent. Protogenes
surpassed all inexactitude, Pamphilius and Melanthius in thoughtfulness,
Antiphilus in facility, Theon the Samian in invention of strange
apparitions called fantasies, Apelles in spirit and charm. Euphranor is
admired because he must be counted among the best in all the
requirements of art, and excelled at the same time in painting and
sculpture.

"The same difference is also found in sculpture. Kalon and Hegesias
worked in a severe style, like that of the Etruscans; Kalamis was less
austere; Myron more delicate still.

"Polyclitus possessed diligence and elegance above all others. By many
the palm is assigned to him; but that some fault might be ascribed to
him, it was said that he lacked dignity. For while he has made the human
form more graceful than nature reveals it, he does not seem to have been
able to present the dignity of the gods. Indeed, he is said in his art
to have avoided representing mature age, and never to have ventured
beyond unfurrowed cheeks.

"But what Polyclitus lacked is ascribed to Phidias and Alcamenes.
Phidias is said to have formed the images of gods and men most
perfectly, and to have far surpassed his rivals, especially in ivory.
One would form this judgment even if he had designed nothing else than
the Minerva of Athens or the Olympian Jupiter at Elis, the beauty of
which was of great advantage, as has been said, to the established
religion; so closely does the work approach the majesty of the god
himself.

"Lysippus and Praxiteles have, according to the universal opinion, most
nearly approached truth; Demetrius, on the other hand, is blamed because
he went too far in this direction, in that he preferred mere resemblance
to beauty."

LITERARY PROFESSION

Man is rarely fortunate enough to secure the aids for his higher
education from quite unselfish patrons. Even those who believe that they
have the best intent