nd oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow
and Saint Petersburg; members serve four-year terms) and the State Duma
or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; 225 seats elected by proportional
representation from party lists winning at least 5% of the vote, and 225
seats from single-member constituencies; members are elected by direct
popular vote to serve four-year terms) election results: State Duma -
percent of vote received by parties clearing the 5% threshold entitling
them to a proportional share of the 225 party list seats - KPRF 24.29%,
Unity 23.32%, OVR 13.33%, Union of Right Forces 8.52%, LDPR 5.98%,
Yabloko 5.93%; seats by party - KPRF 113, Unity 72, OVR 67, Union of
Rightist Forces 29, LDPR 17, Yabloko 21, other 16, independents 106,
repeat election required 8, vacant 1 elections: State Duma - last held
19 December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2003)

Judicial branch: Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court
of Arbitration; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the
Federation Council on the recommendation of the president

Political parties and leaders: Agrarian Party [Mikhail Ivanovich
LAPSHIN]; Communist Party of the Russian Federation or KPRF [Gennadiy
Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Fatherland-All Russia or OVR [Yuriy Mikhaylovich
LUZHKOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich
ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Union of Rightist Forces [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS,
Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich
NEMTSOV]; Unity [Sergey Kuzhugetovich SHOYGU]; Yabloko Bloc [Grigoriy
Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY] note: some 150 political parties, blocs, and
movements registered with the Justice Ministry as of the 19 December
1998 deadline to be eligible to participate in the 19 December 1999 Duma
elections; of these, 36 political organizations actually qualified to run
slates of candidates on the Duma party list ballot, 6 parties cleared the
5% threshold to win a proportional share of the 225 party seats in the
Duma, 9 other organizations hold seats in the Duma: Bloc of Nikolayev
and Academician Fedorov, Congress of Russian Communities, Movement in
Support of the Army, Our Home Is Russia, Party of Pensioners, Power
to the People, Russian All-People's Union, Russian Socialist Party,
and Spiritual Heritage; primary political blocs include pro-market
democrats - (Yabloko Bloc and Union of Right Forces), anti-market and/or
ultranationalist (Communist Party of the Russian Feder