Ullmann and Umbreit, 1828; the _Deutsche Zeitschrift fuer christliche
Wissenschaft_, &c., by Neander, Nitzsch, and Mueller, 1850; and the
_Jahrbuecher fuer Deutsche Theologie_, by Liebner, Dorner, and others,
1856.

[82] An invaluable account of the common and higher Schools of Germany
is furnished in Horace Mann's _Seventh Annual Report_, published in the
_Common School Journal of Boston_, under the title of _Education in
Europe_, 1844.

[83] Hagenbach, _Kirchengeschichte d. 18 und 19 Jahrhunderts_, Vol. II.,
pp. 384-388.

[84] An instance of the new tendency is seen in the recent action of the
Heilbronn Clergy, supported by the Stuttgart Consistory. For account of
which, see _Christian Work_, Sept. 1863.

CHAPTER XIII.

PRACTICAL MOVEMENTS INDICATING NEW LIFE.

Jean Paul has wittily said of the providential distribution of the earth
that the land was assigned to the French, the sea to the English, and
the air to the Germans. Popular opinion is not much at variance with
this sentiment as far as the last proprietorship is concerned. But
Germany has been practical withal. Shade of Jean Paul! What if thy
countrymen do live in the air; they have not therefore flown so far away
from the gross nether earth as to lose sight of its misery, nor become
deaf to its wail of sorrow.

German Protestantism has given birth to some of the greatest charities
of the present age, whether we take into the account the number of the
beneficiaries or the faith and self-sacrifice of the founders and their
successors. Even during the period of religious indifference there were
here and there celebrated institutions designed for the amelioration of
the suffering classes. They contended against great opposition, but like
a few stars amid surrounding clouds, their light appeared to all the
greater advantage. Modern philanthropy has received a great impulse by
the labors of Howard and Wilberforce. But the charitable institutions we
speak of were in progress east of the Rhine years before the former
commenced "his voyage of discovery, his circumnavigation of charity, to
collate distresses, to gauge wretchedness, to take dimensions of human
misery;" or before the latter could write in 1807, after so many labors
for the extinction of the Slave Trade, "Oh what thanks do I owe to the
Giver of all good for bringing me in his gracious providence to this
great cause, which at length, after almost nineteen years, labor, is
successful."