d to solve.
The Indian question persisted, non-resident landholders were troublesome,
and the state would still seek grants for internal improvements, but none
of these was to be long a serious impediment to settlement.

The Government and Its Representatives, 1818 to 1830.

In some respects the character of the state government of Illinois shows
the character of the settlers. The nativity of the governors and the
congressmen of the state indicates that the South was the origin of a
majority of the population. Before the end of 1830 there had been no
northern-born representative of the state in the national House of
Representatives; the first northern-born senator was chosen in the last
month of 1825, and the first northern governor in 1830.(370) Pierre
Menard, a French Canadian, the first lieutenant-governor, came to Illinois
in 1790, and can not fairly be cited as a type of the French descendants
of the first white settlers of Illinois.(371) As a matter of fact, the
French element was not a political factor of importance. Nor is it true
that all southerners were pro-slavery, for the most noted anti-slavery
governor of Illinois, and her governor during the Civil War, were from the
South, while her first northern senator was pro-slavery. The great influx
of immigrants from New England and the rest of the North did not come
until after 1830. It was retarded, after the opening of the Erie Canal
(1825), by the Winnebago and Black Hawk wars, and did not reach its height
until the latter war had closed and the Indian claims to land in northern
Illinois had been extinguished. Immigration from the northern states
increased proportionally, however, after 1820.

Illinois men in Congress give a number of indications of the feeling of
the people on questions having a more or less intimate relation to
settlement. Constant and insistent demands for more land-offices, more
post-roads, more pensions, donations of land for poor settlers, grants of
land for internal improvements, the right of preemption for squatters, and
the reduction of the price of public lands show that the frontier was in
favor of a liberal governmental expenditure.(372) Congressmen from
Illinois, without exception, favored the tariff bills of 1824 and
1828.(373) In 1828, the only senator from Illinois who voted on the
question, voted for the bill abolishing imprisonment for debt on processes
issuing from a United States court.(374) Since Illinois early ab