nstantly appearing.(400) Although the greater
proportion of immigrants came by either wagon or boat, some came on
horseback and some on foot.(401) One pioneer wrote: "My mother was a
delicate woman and in the hope of prolonging her life, my father, in 1830,
broke up his home at Windsor, Connecticut, and started overland for
Jacksonville, Illinois. Most of the household furniture was shipped by
water, _via_ New Orleans and did not reach its destination until a year
afterwards, six months after our arrival. The wagon for my mother was made
strong and wide, drawn by three horses, so that a bed could be put in it
and most of the way she lay in this bed. Most of the time the drive was
pleasant but over the mountains it was rough and over the national
corduroy road of Indiana, it was perfectly horrible."(402) A journey was
made in 1827 in about four weeks over the same route that it had taken the
same traveler seven and a half weeks to cover in 1822.(403)

Within the state changes in facilities for transportation were constant.
From Shawneetown to St. Louis, by way of Kaskaskia and Cahokia, passed the
great western road. There was also a road from Shawneetown, by way of
Carmi, to Birkbeck's settlement in Edwards county.(404) Frontier roads to
different places seem to have been designated by different numbers of
notches cut in the trees along the wayside.(405) New roads were in
constant demand. In February, 1821, the legislature authorized the
building of a turnpike road, one hundred feet wide, from the Mississippi,
opposite St. Louis, across the American Bottom to the Bluffs. Toll was to
be regulated by the county commissioners, but it must be not less than
twelve and one-half cents for a man and horse, twenty-five cents for a
one-horse wagon or carriage, six and one-fourth cents for each wheel and
each horse of other wagons and carriages, six and one-fourth cents for
each single horse or head of cattle, and two cents for each hog or sheep.
If at any time the county should pay the cost of the road, plus six per
cent, the county should become the owner.(406) A traveler writing late in
1822 says that a public road had just been opened between Vandalia and
Springfield.(407) During the same year, Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, one of
the most active of the agents of the American Fur Company in Illinois,
established a direct path or track from Iroquois Post to Danville. In 1824
this path, which was known as "Hubbard's Trail," was exten