found.
The only explanation of this remarkable fact is that the two varieties
of the Reindeer have come to Europe by different routes. We have learned
already from the observations of Mr. Murray that there are evidences of
the existence of a former land-connection between North America,
Greenland, and Spitsbergen. Professor Petersen tells us that, according
to recent surveys, a high submarine plateau with a sharp fall of 1000
fathoms towards the Atlantic Ocean begins from Northern Norway and is
continued as far as Spitsbergen. Several islands, such as Bear Island,
King Charles Land, and others, arise from this plateau, and these must
be looked upon as the remains of a sunken land (Fig. 12).

From Arctic America, thinks Professor Schulz (p. 1), we probably have
had an uninterrupted migration during the greater part of later Tertiary
times up to the commencement of the Pliocene epoch--partly over a direct
land-connection between Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroes, and also
between Arctic America, Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, etc. There was
also a connection between Asia and Alaska.

The distribution of the Barren-ground Reindeer in Europe seems to
warrant the belief that, at the time it began its southward wanderings
from the Polar area, Northern Norway must have been connected with
Greenland in the manner just indicated, but, as I shall explain later
on, Russian Lapland and part of Northern Russia, or the land between the
White Sea and the Baltic, must at that time have been submerged by the
sea. The greater part of Denmark and the lowlands of Sweden were
likewise submerged, but Scandinavia extended south as far as Scotland,
while Scotland was connected with Ireland, and the latter with England
and France. The Reindeer migrating south into Scandinavia could only
reach the continent of Europe by way of the British Islands. It appeared
there in the west and gradually extended its range east, where, as I
mentioned above, it has occurred in a few isolated localities.

The advent of the Woodland form of the Reindeer in Europe took place at
a much later stage. It came, as I indicated, with the hordes of
Siberian migrants which invaded Europe during what is known as the
Inter-glacial phase of the Glacial period. Scandinavia, not being then
directly connected with continental Europe, was not accessible to it;
neither was Ireland, which had by that time become disconnected from
Great Britain. None of the Siberian migrants see