more advanced machine appeared in 1913 and a two-seater with
80 h.p. Gnome did a great deal of cross-country work in 1913-14.

[Illustration: Plate XXVII.]

In 1908 the first Antoinette monoplane was produced by MM. Gastambide
and Mengin. Then followed a machine with central skids, a single wheel,
and wing skids. In 1909 came the machine with four-wheeled chassis and
ailerons and later an improved edition which reverted to the central
skid idea. On this M. Latham made his first cross-channel attempt.
The next machine shed the wing skids and widened its wheelbase.
During 1910-11 the ailerons vanished, warp control was adopted and the
king-post system of wing-bracing was used. In 1911 the curious machine
with streamlined "pantalette" chassis, totally enclosed body and
internal wing-bracing, was produced for French Military Trials. In 1912
the three-wheeled machine was used to a certain extent in the French
Army. Then the type disappeared.

[Illustration: Plate XXVIII.]

In 1908 and 1909 detached experimental machines in various countries
attained a certain success. The late Capt. Ferber made a primitive
tractor biplane 1908. The Odier-Vendome biplane was a curious bat-winged
pusher biplane built 1909. The tailless Etrich monoplane, built in
Austria, 1908, was an adaptation of the Zanonia leaf. M. Santos-Dumont
made primitive parasol type monoplanes known as "Demoiselles," in which
bamboo was largely used. 1909 type is seen above. A curious steel
monoplane was built by the late John Moisant, 1909. The twin-pusher
biplane, built by the Barnwell Bros. in Scotland, made one or two
straight flights in 1909. The Clement-Bayard Co. in France constructed
in 1909 a biplane which did fairly well. Hans Grade, the first German
to fly, made his early efforts on a "Demoiselle" type machine, 1908.

[Illustration: Plate XXIX.]

In 1910 a number of novel machines were produced. The Avis with Anzani
engine was flown by the Hon. Alan Boyle. Note the cruciform universally
jointed tail. The Goupy with 50 h.p. Gnome was an early French tractor,
notable for its hinging wing-tips. The Farman was a curious "knock-up"
job, chiefly composed of standard box-kite fittings. The Sommer with
50 h.p. Gnome was a development of the box-kite with a shock-breaking
chassis. The Savary, also French, was one of the first twin tractors to
fly. The model illustrated had an E.N.V. engine. Note position of the
rudders on the wing tips. The Austrian Et