rface is rough and the head
is cut off obliquely, while on the upper side near the middle are two
sharp pointed horns, Fig. 26, c. They remain in this stage from a week
to ten days, when the moths emerge.

[Illustration: FIG. 26.]

The moths, Fig. 26, d, belong to the family commonly known as plume
moths or feather wings (Pterophoridae), from having their wings divided
into feather-like lobes. When the wings are expanded they measure
about seven-tenths of an inch across. They are yellowish brown with a
metallic luster, and have several dull whitish streaks and spots. The
fore wings are split down the middle about half way to their base, the
posterior half having a notch in the outer margin. The body is
somewhat darker than the wings.

It is not known positively in what stage the winter is passed, but it
is supposed to be the perfect, or imago stage. The unnatural grouping
and spinning of the leaves together leads to their detection, and they
can be easily destroyed by hand picking and then crushing or burning
them.

* * * * *

THE BREEDS OF DOGS.

The dog exhibitions that have annually taken place for the last eight
years at Paris and in the principal cities of France have shown how
numerous and varied the breeds of dogs now are. It is estimated that
there are at present, in Europe, about a hundred very distinct and
very fine breeds (that is to say, such as reproduce their kind with
constant characters), without counting a host of sub-breeds or
varieties that a number of breeders are trying to fix.

Most of the breeds of dogs, especially those of modern creation, are
the work of man, and have been obtained by intercrossing older breeds
and discarding all the animals that departed from the type sought. But
many of these breeds are also the result of accident, or rather of
modifications of certain parts of the organism--of a sort of rachitic
or teratological degeneration which has become hereditary and has been
due to domestication; for it is proved that the dog is the most
anciently domesticated animal, and that its submission to man dates
back to more than five thousand years. Such is the origin of the
breeds of terriers, bulldogs, and all of the small house dogs.

Man has often, designedly or undesignedly, aided in the production of
breeds of this last category by submitting the dog to a regimen
contrary to nature, or setting to work to reproduce an animal born
monstrou