and of an
Expedition by the Emperor, Alexander I of Russia, with instructions
to supplement the voyage of Captain Cook, circumnavigated the
Antarctic continent in high southern latitudes. The first discovery
of land south of the Antarctic Circle was made, namely, Peter I Island
and Alexander I Land (also an island), in the American Quadrant of
Antarctica.

1820. Nathaniel Palmer, master of an American sealing-vessel, sighted
new land to the south of the South Shetland Islands. It seems clear
that he was the first to view what is now known as the Palmer
Archipelago (1820-21).

1823. James Weddell, a British sealer, sailing southward of the
Atlantic Ocean, reached 74 degrees 15' south latitude in the American
Quadrant, establishing a "farthest south" record.

1830. John Biscoe, a whaling master of the British firm of Enderby
Brothers, sailed on a voyage circumnavigating the Antarctic Regions.
Enderby Land was discovered south of the West Indian Ocean in the
African Quadrant of Antarctica. This was apparently a part of the
Antarctic continent. New land was also met with to the south of
America and charted as Graham's Land, Biscoe Island and Adelaide
Island.

Kemp, a sailing master of Enderby Brothers, extended Biscoe's
discoveries shortly after by the report of land east of, and
adjacent to, Enderby Land.

Neither of these discoveries has yet been proved, though Enderby Land
(Biscoe) undoubtedly exists.

1839. John Balleny, another of Enderby's whaling captains, discovered
the Balleny Islands within the Antarctic Circle, in the Australian
Quadrant of Antarctica, and gave a vague description of an appearance
of land to the westward. This has been charted on maps, without
adequate evidence, as Sabrina Land.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]

Antarctic Land Discoveries Preceding 1838

Note. This and the two following maps of the series illustrate land
discoveries only. In cases where the existence of land once reported
has since been disproved no record at all is shown

1837. Jules Sebastian Cesar Dumont D'Urville, was despatched by King
Louis Philippe of France for the prosecution of scientific researches
on a voyage round the World. His cruise in the Antarctic resulted in
the charting of Joinville Island and Louis Philippe Land to the south
of America (American Quadrant) and the discovery of a portion of the
Antarctic continent, named Adelie Land, southward of Austr