es to the division in our study of government. Let us consider
industry, first as an activity involving a relationship between man and
Nature; secondly, as involving what may be called a problem of
industrial government, a problem arising out of the co-operation between
man and man in industrial work. In the first of these aspects we shall
see man as a maker, an inventor, an artist; in the second as a subject
or a citizen, a slave or a free man, in the Industrial Commonwealth.

Man as a maker or producer carries us back to the dawn of history. Man
is a tool-using animal and the early stages of human history are a
record of the elaboration of tools. The flint axes in our museums are
the earliest monuments of the activity of the human spirit. We do not
know what the cave men of the Old Stone Age said or thought, or indeed
whether they did anything that we should call speaking or thinking at
all; but we know what they made. Centuries and millenniums elapsed
between them and the first peoples of whom we have any more intimate
record--centuries during which the foundations of our existing
industrial knowledge and practice were being steadily laid. 'One may say
in general,' says Mr. Marvin,[69]

that most of the fruitful practical devices of mankind had
their origin in prehistoric times, many of them existing
then with little essential difference. Any one of them
affords a lesson in the gradual elaboration of the simple. A
step minute in itself leads on and on, and so all the
practical arts are built up, a readier and more observant
mind imitating and adapting the work of predecessors, as we
imagined the first man making his first flint axe. The
history of the plough goes back to the elongation of a bent
stick. The wheel would arise from cutting out the middle of
a trunk used as a roller. House architecture is the
imitation with logs and mud of the natural shelters of the
rocks, and begins its great development when men have learnt
to make square corners instead of a rough circle. And so on
with all the arts of life or pleasure, including clothing,
cooking, tilling, sailing, and fighting.

How did this gradual progress come about? Mr. Marvin himself supplies
the answer. Through the action of the 'readier and more observant
minds'--in other words, through specialization and the division of
labour. As far back as we can go in history we find a re