allen timber.
These ants all have well-developed teeth, and the shell-like covering
enveloping the body is much thinner than that of the harvesting-ant.

If it be urged that hard wood will not wear down the teeth like mining
in the sandy soil, I can bring forward another member of this family
(_Camponotus socius_, Roger), which lives in the ground, and whose
mining and tunnelling are on a much more extensive scale than those of
the harvesting-ant. The formicary of this _Camponotus_ often extends
over several square rods, with large entrances at various points, all
connected by underground galleries, requiring a great amount of labor to
construct them; while each colony of the harvesting-ant has a close,
compact nest or formicary, requiring much less work to construct it. The
worker major of _Camponotus socius_ is very large--larger than the
soldier of the harvesting-ant. The formicaries of the two species are
often in close contact, so that the nature of the soil is precisely the
same. I have examined thousands of _Camponotus socius_, and in no
instance have I found the teeth worn down.

There is still another difficulty in the way of Dr. Forel's theory.
Careful observations have revealed the fact that all the harvesting-ants
that engage in work of any kind are armed with teeth. I took thirty
soldiers with smooth mandibles, put them in a glass jar with every
facility for making a nest, but they refused to work, scorned all my
offers of food, and remained huddled together for three days. I then
introduced several workers minor, and they immediately commenced
tunnelling the earth and making chambers, into which the lazy soldiers
crawled, meeting with no opposition from these industrious little
creatures. My experiments did not stop here. I now took about a hundred
specimens--soldiers and a few workers major, the last with
partially-developed teeth--and placed them in a jar. Some of these made
feeble attempts to construct a nest, but they did not store away seeds,
and larvae which I put in the jar they carried about as if not knowing
what to do with them.

There is every appearance of an aristocracy among these humble
creatures. The minors are the servants who do the work, while the queens
and soldiers (especially the soldiers, which more nearly approach the
queen in shape of head and mandibles) seem to live a life of comparative
ease, and have their food brought to them by the minors. This may be the
reason of the non-