now be considered as well
established in regard to this essential particular that the sound
is the result of the vibrations of the vocal cords," &c.

Professor MARSHALL, in his "Outlines of Physiology," page 255,
says: "Experiments on living animals show that the vocal cords are
alone the essential organs for the production of voice, for so long
as these remain untouched, although all the other parts in the
interior of the larynx be destroyed, the animal is able to emit
vocal sounds.... The existence of an opening in the larynx of a
living animal, or of man, _above_ the glottis [glottis means the
vibrating element of the voicebox] in no way prevents the formation
of vocal sound; such an opening if situated in the trachea
[windpipe] causes total loss of voice, but by simply closing it,
vocal sounds can again be produced. Such openings, in man, are met
with, either as the results of accidents, of suicidal attempts, or
of operations performed on the larynx or trachea for the relief of
disease."

Dr. TOBOLD, Professor in the University of Berlin, in his
"Laryngoscopie and Kehlkopf Krankheiten" (Laryngoscopy and Diseases
of the Larynx), p. 131, says, "Soft palate, lid, pockets, and
pocket-bands are not directly active in the production of either
chest or falsetto tones; they only modify the tone produced in the
glottis."

Dr. LUSCHKA, Professor in the University of Tubingen, in his great
work "Der Kehlkopf des Menschen" (The Human Larynx), says in the
introduction: "Only the vocal cords, with the slit they form, have
specifically functional signification, in a narrower sense, of a
voice apparatus, as the parts of the larynx which lie under and
over them have no material and deciding influence on the production
of sound."

I will bring my quotations to a close with the following, which
seeks to prove the contrary. Dr. C. B. GARRETT ("The Human Voice,"
J. and J. Churchill, London, 1875, p. 17) says, "It is recorded
that the larynx of a blackbird was removed by severing the windpipe
just below it; that the poor 'thing continued to _sing_, though in
a feebler tone.' This proves that notes can be formed _behind the
instrument_ and before the air reaches it." This argument, however,
is of no value, because it so happens that birds have two lary