harles and Osman Pasha in 1878, the Roumanian Army crossing the
Danube in 1877, the triumphant entry of the victorious army into
Bucharest, and Prince Charles riding at the head of his Army in 1877.

[Illustration: 344 345]

Italy has given us commemoration portraits of Garibaldi (_Figs._
344, 345), and its war with Turkey in 1911 extended the use of the
overprinted Italian stamps of Tripoli (_Figs._ 346-348). From the
Italian pages of our albums much of the story of the makings of United
Italy may be learnt chiefly by the absorption into one of all the
separate stamp issuing states, Sardinia, Naples, Sicily, Parma,
Modena, Romagna, Tuscany, and, although much later, the States of the
Church. The jubilee of the Union was commemorated by a set of four
fine designs in 1911, one by Signor A. Sezanne showing (_Fig._ 349) a
sword grasped by a hand, symbolical of the Italian Union, and at the
sides are branches of palm in memory of the warriors who died in the
Wars of Independence.

[Illustration: 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353]

Portugal does not offer much war-interest, though plenty of historical
associations, in its postage stamps. The Republic followed so soon
after the assassination of King Carlos that the stamps with the
portrait of the young King Manuel had no long service without a
distinguishing mark to show that the stamps were issued by the
Republican Government (_Fig._ 350). These have since given place to a
distinctive Republican design (_Fig._ 351). It is interesting to note
that the Red Cross Society and the Civilian Rifle Corps in Portugal
have a limited privilege of free postage, for which they use their own
special stamps (_Figs._ 352, 353).

The postage stamps of Spain introduce us to the revolutionary element
in 1868 in which year Isabella II. fled to France as a result of the
revolution under Prim and Serrano. That was in September, and the
current stamps were overprinted before the end of the year with the
words HABILITADO POR LA NACION (authorised by the nation), signifying
that they were now being used under the Provisional Revolutionary
Assembly. One of the forms of overprint reads HALILITADO POR LA JUNTA
REVOLUCIONARIA. Some of the known overprints did not emanate from the
headquarters of the Provisional Government but were added at the order
of local juntas or revolutionary councils. The familiar emblematic
figure of Spain followed on the stamps issued on January 1, 1870.

The republican fo