erica? 249

The case of David Ingram, 1568 250

The case of Cabeza de Vaca, 1528-36 251

There may have been unrecorded instances of visits to
North America 252

The pre-Columbian voyages made no real contributions
to geographical knowledge 253

And were in no true sense a discovery of America 254

Real contact between the eastern and western hemisphere
was first established by Columbus 255

CHAPTER III.

EUROPE AND CATHAY.

Why the voyages of the Northmen were not followed up 256

Ignorance of their geographical significance 257

Lack of instruments for ocean navigation 257

Condition of Europe in the year 1000 258, 259

It was not such as to favour colonial enterprise 260

The outlook of Europe was toward Asia 261

Routes of trade between Europe and Asia 262

Claudius Ptolemy and his knowledge of the earth 263

Early mention of China 264

The monk Cosmas Indicopleustes 265

Shape of the earth, according to Cosmas 266, 267

His knowledge of Asia 268

The Nestorians 268

Effects of the Saracen conquests 269

Constantinople in the twelfth century 270

The Crusades 270-274

Barbarizing character of Turkish conquest 271

General effects of the Crusades 272

The Fourth Crusade 273

Rivalry between Venice and Genoa 274

Centres and routes of mediaeval trade 275, 276

Effects of the Mongol conquests 277

Cathay, origin of the name 277

Carpini and Rubruquis 278