g the past twenty years by our
theories of the Aryan settlement of Europe. See Benfey's
preface to Fick's _Woerterbuch der Indogermanischen
Grundsprache_, 1868; Geiger, _Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der
Menschheit_, 1871; Cuno, _Forschungen im Gebiete der alten
Voelkerkunde_, 1871; Schmidt, _Die Verwandtschaftsverhaeltnisse
der Indogermanischen Sprachen_, 1872; Poesche, _Die Arier_,
1878; Lindenschmit, _Handbuch der deutschen Alterthumskunde_,
1880; Penka, _Origines Ariacae_, 1883, and _Die Herkunft der
Arier_, 1886; Spiegel, _Die arische Periode und ihre Zustande_,
1887; Rendal, _Cradle of the Aryans_, 1889; Schrader,
_Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte_, 1883, and second edition
translated into English, with the title _Prehistoric
Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples_, 1890. Schrader's is an
epoch-making book. An attempt to defend the older and simpler
views is made by Max Mueller, _Biographies of Words and the Home
of the Aryas_, 1888; see also Van den Gheyn, _L'origine
europeenne des Aryas_, 1889. The whole case is well summed up
by Isaac Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, 1889.]

[Sidenote: The Cave men of Europe in the Glacial Period.]

[Sidenote: The Eskimos are probably a remnant of the Cave men.]

In this connection the history of the Eskimos introduces us to some
interesting problems. Mention has been made of the River-drift men who
lived in Europe during the milder intervals of the Glacial period. At
such times they made their way into Germany and Britain, along with
leopards, hyaenas, and African elephants. But as the cold intervals came
on and the edge of the polar ice-sheet crept southward and mountain
glaciers filled up the valleys, these men and beasts retreated into
Africa; and their place was taken by a sub-arctic race of men known as
the Cave men, along with the reindeer and arctic fox and musk-sheep.
More than once with the secular alternations of temperature did the
River-drift men thus advance and retreat and advance again, and as they
advanced the Cave men retreated, both races yielding to an enemy
stronger than either,--to wit, the hostile climate. At length all traces
of the River-drift men vanish, but what of the Cave men? They have left
no representatives among the present populations of Europe, but the
musk-sheep, which always went and ca