the Copper Mines of
El Cobre--Beginning of the Sugar Industry--Fiscal Policy of the Spanish
Government.

CHAPTER XV 177

A Turning Point in Cuban History--International Interest in the
Island--Raids of French Privateers--A Famous Fight in Santiago
Harbor--The Capture and Looting of Havana--First Building of La
Fuerza--Rise of Havana in Importance--The Governor's Residence in
Havana--Deposition of Angulo--Guarding Havana Against French
Attack--Inadequacy of the Defenses--Seizure of the City by Jacques
Sores--Flight of the Governor and Resolute Defense of Lobera--Attempt to
Destroy the French Conquerors--Destruction of the City.

CHAPTER XVI 191

Administration of Mazariegos--His Disastrous Voyage--Rebuilding of
Havana--Manners and Morals of a Soldier of Fortune--Defense of Havana by
a Military Governor--Improvement of the Fortifications--Rebuilding La
Fuerza--The Founding of Morro Castle--Complications in Florida--Osorio
Appointed Governor--His Care for the Defenses of the Island--The
Campaigns of Pedro Menendez--Conflict Between Osorio and
Menendez--Attempts at Mutiny--Disagreement over
Fortifications--Illegitimate Trade at Santiago--Menendez Appointed
Governor--A Succession of Lieutenants--Charting the Bahama
Channel--Codifying Municipal Ordinances.

CHAPTER XVII 208

Approach of the "Sea Beggars"--More Work on La Fuerza--Seeking Financial
Aid from Mexico--A Requisition for Slave Labor--Investigating Public
Accounts--The Downfall of Menendez--Investigation of His
Accounts--Succeeded by Montalvo--Increase of Smuggling--General Progress
of the Island--Havana the Commercial Metropolis.

CHAPTER XVIII 217

Governorship of Montalvo--Rehabilitation of Santiago--Disorder at
Havana--Conflict with the Rojas Family--Charges Made Against the
Governor--The Increase of Smuggling--Ravages of the French--Seeking
Naval Defenses for Cuba--Haggling Over the Building of La Fuerza--A
Badly Built Fort--Montalvo's Development of Insular Resources--Promotion
of Sugar Growing and General Agriculture--The Governor's Quarrel with
the Bishop.

CHAPTER XIX 228

Administration of Francisco Carreno--The First Cuban Governor to Die in
Office--A Record of Hard