tnote 237: "Middle Ages," ii., 31 _seq_. See also Stubbs,
"Constitutional History," i., 82-92 _et seq._]

[Footnote 238: See Hallam's "Constitutional History," ii., 155.]

[Footnote 239: This was a matter of no small importance. The number of
boroughs included in the bill was 183, having a population of about two
millions. Their annual income was stated by Lord John Russell to be as
nearly as possible L2000 a year for each, being L367,000; but their
annual expenditure exceeded that amount by L10,000, being L377,000;
"besides which there was a debt of L2,000,000 owing by these bodies."]

[Footnote 240: See Hallam, "Middle Ages," ii., 205-207.]

[Footnote 241: "Life of Pitt," ii., 131. Lord Stanhope imagines that the
plan was relinquished in consequence of discouraging comments by the
Archbishop (Dr. Moore).]

[Footnote 242: These objections were founded on the following
calculations, or something similar to them. The tithe was the tenth of
the produce. In letting estates it was estimated that a farm ought to
produce three rents; in other words, that a farm let at L1 an acre ought
to produce yearly L3 an acre. One-tenth of three pounds, or 6s.,
therefore, was what the clergyman was entitled to claim. Out of this,
however, he had to defray the cost of collection, which might, perhaps,
be one shilling, leaving him five shillings. But the average of
compositions over the whole kingdom was under 2s. 9d., or
eleven-twentieths of what he was entitled to; and if augmented by ten
per cent., it would not exceed three shillings.]

[Footnote 243: The fund so created was expected to amount to L130,000 a
year.]

[Footnote 244: As instances of the want of church-room in such towns,
Lord John cited the dioceses of London, Chester, York, Lichfield, and
Coventry, containing a population of 2,590,000 persons, with church
accommodation for only 276,000, or one-ninth of the population; the
Commissioners, from whose report he was quoting, reckoning that
church-room ought to be provided for one-third.]

CHAPTER XI.

Death of William IV., and Accession of Queen Victoria.--Rise of the
Chartists.--Resignation of Lord Melbourne in 1839, and his Resumption of
Office.--Marriage of the Queen, and Consequent Arrangements.--The
Precedence of the Prince, etc.--Post-office Reform.--War in
Afghanistan.--Discontent in Jamaica.--Insurrection in Canada.--New
Constitution for Canada and other Colonies.--Case of Stockdale and
Hansard.

T