r special story of departure. Ulysses had to
quit a young wife, Penelope, and an infant son, Telemachus. For if
Helen can be abducted, no Greek family is safe.

(_b_) Stay at Troy for 10 years. This is also a long training to
destruction. Ulysses is an important man, but not the hero. Here
lies the sphere of the Iliad.

(_c_) Destruction of the city and the restoration of Helen to her
husband, both of which are not told in the Iliad but are given
subordinately in the Odyssey. Thus is the separation from the
Orient completed on its negative side, that is, as far as
destruction can complete it.

3. The return to Greece of the survivors. The question is, How can they
truly get back after so long a period of violence? The Odyssey has this
as its theme, and will give an account of all the returns. Here, too,
we observe various stages.

(_a_) Leaving Troy for home. This means a complete facing about and
a going the other way, not only in geography, but also in conduct.
The Greeks must now quit destruction and become constructive.

(_b_) It is no wonder that the journey home was very difficult.
Quarrels arose at the start (see Nestor's account Book III., and
that of Menelaus Book IV.). Many perished on the way; some were
lost in a storm at sea, Agamemnon was slain on the threshold of his
own palace.

(_c_) Those who reached home, the successful returners, were of
three main kinds, represented by Nestor, by Menelaus, and by
Ulysses. These were restored to home and family, and brought peace
and harmony. Such is the positive outcome of the Trojan War, and
the completion of its cycle.

II. But this rounding-off of the Trojan cycle is, on the other hand, a
final separation from the Orient; the scission is now unfolded,
explicit, quite conscious. When Ulysses comes back to Ithaca, and
re-establishes Family and State, Greek life is independent, distinct,
self-determined. The Hellenic world rises and fulfills its destiny in
its own way; it creates the Fine Arts, Literature, Science; it is the
beginning of the Occident.

Still the thought must come up that the Orient is also a part of the
grand movement of the World's History, whose cycle embraces both
Occident and Orient. The Odyssey has many glimpses of this higher view.
The first 12 books move westward and have their outlook in that
direction, the last 12 books have their outlook ea