s, factories and warehouses, wealth and
luxury--these are not civilization.

6. When a sentence is abruptly terminated.

If I thought he said it I would--

7. To precede expressions which are added to an apparently completed
sentence, but which refer to some previous part of the sentence.

He wondered what the foreman would say--he had a way of saying the
unexpected.

8. To connect extreme dates in time indication.

The war of 1861--1865. The war of 1861-1865.

9. To define verse references in the Bible or page references in books.

Matt. v: 1--11. Matt. v: 1-11.
See pp. 50--53. See pp. 50-53.

NOTE. In instances such as given in the two preceding rules the en dash
may sometimes serve if the em dash appears too conspicuous.

10. A dash preceded by a colon is sometimes used before a long quotation
forming a new paragraph. In other cases no point need accompany the
dash.

The dash is sometimes used as a substitute for commas. Writers on the
subject say that this use occurs when the connection between the
parenthetical clause and the context is closer than would be indicated
by commas. The distinction, if real, is difficult to see. It would be
better if none but the most experienced writers attempted the use of the
dash in this way.

Dashes are often used instead of marks of parenthesis. It is better to
let each mark do its own work.

THE PARENTHESIS

The parenthesis, commonly used in pairs, encloses expressions which have
no essential connection with the rest of the sentence, but are important
to its full comprehension. It is liable to be neglected by writers
because the dash is easier to make, and by printers because it is
generally thought to mar the beauty of the line. Its distinct uses,
however, should not be neglected.

_Rules for the Use of the Parenthesis_

1. To introduce into a sentence matter which is not essentially
connected with the rest of the sentence, but aids in making it clear.

Trouble began when the apprentice (who had been strictly forbidden
to do so) undertook to do some work on his own account.

This year (1914) saw the outbreak of a general war.

2. In reports of speeches to enclose the name of a person who has been
referred to, or to indicate expressions on the part of the audience.

The honorable gentleman who has just spoken (Mr. Lodge) has no
superior on this floor in his knowledge of international law.
(