pecialist in
zoology and embryology, was of Scottish origin. Robert Gibson Eccles,
physician and chemist, born in Kilmaurs, Ayrshire, in 1848, discovered
that benzoic acid and the benzoates are excellent preservatives of
food. He has been Chemist of the Department of Indian Affairs,
Professor of Chemistry in the New York School of Social Economics,
President of the New York Pharmaceutical Association, etc., and has
written largely on philosophy and science. Stephen Alfred Forbes (b.
1844), naturalist, educator, and writer on entomology and zoology, is
of Scottish origin. Thomas Craig (1853-1900), Mathematician and Editor
of the American Journal of Mathematics, was of Scottish parentage.
Alexander Crombie Humphreys, born in Edinburgh in 1851, became
President of Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, in 1902.
Anstruther Davidson, born in Caithness in 1860, Associate Professor of
Dermatology in the University of Southern California, is also
distinguished as a botanist and entomologist.

William Maclure (1763-1840), the "Father of American Geology," was
born in Ayr, Scotland, and after acquiring a fortune in London, he
came in 1796 to the United States. Having studied geology in Europe he
was attracted by the imposing scale of the geological structure of his
adopted country, and in the course of some years made many journeys
across the eastern states. He recorded his geological observations on
a map, and in 1809 communicated his researches to the American
Philosophical Society. In 1817, having extended his knowledge during
the intervening eight years he presented his map to the Society, and
it was then published. This was the first geological survey of the
United States, and it was carried out unsustained by government aid or
patronage. It was also chiefly through Maclure's aid that the new
Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia was built and endowed. Dr.
Archibald Bruce (1777-1818), the first scientific mineralogist in
America, and founder of the _American Mineralogical Magazine_ (1810),
was born in New York city, son of Dr. William Bruce, head of the
medical department of the British Armies. Henry Darwin Rogers
(1808-66), born in Philadelphia of Ulster Scot parentage, Professor of
Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, State
Geologist of Pennsylvania, published important works on the geology of
Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He removed to Edinburgh in 1855 and three
years later became Professor of Natur