oms in relation to these matters
incidental to the land in question before commutation, and the timber
became the tenant's.

AUTHORITIES.--C. I. Elton, _Law of Copyholds_ (1898); C. Watkins, _On
Copyholds_ (1825); _Scriven on Copyholds_, ed. A. Brown (1896); A.
Brown, _Copyhold Enfranchisement Acts_ (1895).

COPYING MACHINES. Appliances of various kinds have been devised for
producing copies of writings made by the pen or pencil. A simple method
commonly adopted when only a single copy is required is to write the
original with specially prepared copying ink (formed by adding some
thickening substance like sugar or gum to ordinary ink), to place upon
it a damped sheet of thin absorbent paper, and to press the two
together in some way, as in a copying press. The resulting impression,
being reversed, must be read from the back of the absorbent paper, which
is thin enough to be transparent. Another process, by which a
considerable number of copies can be made simultaneously, consists in
interleaving a number of sheets of thin white paper with sheets of paper
prepared with lampblack ("carbon paper") and writing on the top sheet
with a "style" or other sharp-pointed instrument. The hectograph may be
taken as typical of manifolding processes analogous to lithography. In
it the writing is in first instance done with aniline ink, and then a
transfer is made to a plate of a gelatinous composition, from which a
series of duplicates can be taken off. Another class of methods involves
the preparation of what are essentially stencils. In the cyclostyle,
paper of a special kind is stretched over a smooth metal plate, and the
writing instrument consists of a holder having at the end a small wheel
provided with a serrated edge on its periphery, which perforates the
paper with lines of minute cuts and thus forms a stencil. When ink is
passed over this stencil with a roller it goes through the perforations
and leaves an impression on a piece of paper placed underneath. In the
trypograph a similar result is attained by using a simple style for
writing, but stretching the paper over a metal plate having its surface
covered with fine sharp corrugations which pierce the paper as the style
is moved over them. In the Edison electric pen the stencil is formed by
the aid of a style containing a fine needle, which is rapidly moved up
and down by a small electric motor mounted at the top of the pen, and
thus a series of minute holes is