at the council of Pavia in 1160 based their
declaration in favour of Victor, and anathematized Alexander. The
_immantatio_ fell out of use during the papal exile at Avignon and was
never restored.

The cappa magna.

It will be convenient here to note other vestments that have developed
out of the _cappa_. The _cappa choralis_ has already been mentioned; it
survived as a choir vestment that in winter took the place of the
surplice, rochet or almuce. In the 12th century it was provided with
arms (_cappa manicata_), but the use of this form was forbidden at choir
services and other liturgical functions. From the hood of the _cappa_
was developed the almuce (q.v.). At what date the _cappa choralis_
developed into the _cappa magna_, a non-liturgical vestment peculiar to
the pope, cardinals, bishops and certain privileged prelates, is not
known; but mention of it is found as early as the 15th century. This
vestment is a loose robe, with a large hood (lined with fur in winter
and red silk in summer) and a long train, which is carried by a cleric
called the _caudatarius_. Its colour varies with the hierarchical rank
of the wearer:--red for cardinals, purple for bishops, &c.; or, if the
dignitary belong to a religious order, it follows the colour of the
habit of the order. The right to wear a violet _cappa magna_ is conceded
by the popes to the chapters of certain important cathedrals, but the
train in this case is worn folded over the left arm or tied under it. It
may only be worn by them, moreover, in their own church, or when the
chapter appears elsewhere in its corporate capacity.

The mozzetta.

Lastly, from the _cappa_ is probably derived the _mozzetta_, a short
cape with a miniature hood, fastened down the front with buttons. The
name is derived from the Italian _mozzare_, to cut off, and points to
its being an abbreviated _cappa_, as the episcopal "apron" is a
shortened cassock. It is worn over the rochet by the pope, cardinals,
bishops and prelates, the colours varying as in the case of the _cappa
magna_. Its use as confined to bishops can be traced to the 16th
century.

See Joseph Braun, S. J., _Die liturgische Gewandung_ (Freiburg im
Breisgau, 1907); also the bibliography to the article VESTMENTS.
(W. A. P.)

Plate I

[Illustration: FIG. 2.--THE SYON COPE. (ENGLISH, 13TH CENTURY.)

The medallions with which it is embroidered contain representations of
Christ on the Cross, Christ and St