they constituted a
local oligarchy--known as the 'Bureaucrats' or the 'Chateau
Clique'--which {23} held the reins of government. They were as a rule
able to snap their fingers at the majority in the Assembly.

In England the remedy for a similar state of affairs had been found to
lie in the control of the purse exercised by the House of Commons. In
order to bring the Executive to its will, it was only necessary for
that House to threaten the withholding of supplies. In Lower Canada,
however, such a remedy was at first impossible, for the simple reason
that the House of Assembly did not vote all the supplies necessary for
carrying on the government. In other words, the expenditure far
exceeded the revenue; and the deficiency had to be met out of the
Imperial exchequer. Under these circumstances it was impossible for
the Lower Canada Assembly to attempt to exercise the full power of the
purse. In 1810, it is true, the Assembly had passed a resolution
avowing its ability and willingness to vote 'the necessary sums for
defraying the Civil Expenses of the Government of the Province.' But
Sir James Craig had declined on a technicality to forward the
resolution to the Houses of Parliament at Westminster, realizing fully
that if the offer were accepted, the Assembly would be able to exert
complete {24} power over the Executive. 'The new Trojan horse' was not
to gain admission to the walls through him.

Later, however, in 1818, during the administration of Sir John Coape
Sherbrooke, the offer of the Assembly was accepted by the Imperial
government. Sherbrooke was an apostle of conciliation. It was he who
gave the Catholic bishop of Quebec a seat in the Executive Council; and
he also recommended that the speaker of the House of Assembly should be
included in the Council--a recommendation which was a preliminary move
in the direction of responsible government. Through Sherbrooke's
instrumentality the British government now decided to allow the
Lower-Canadian legislature to vote the entire revenue of the province,
apart from the casual and territorial dues of the Crown and certain
duties levied by Act of the Imperial parliament. Sherbrooke's
intention was that the legislature should vote out of this revenue a
permanent civil list to be continued during the lifetime of the
sovereign. Unfortunately, however, the Assembly did not fall in with
this view. It insisted, instead, on treating the civil list as an
annual affa