colleague of Francis Hincks in the Hincks-Morin
administration. George Etienne Cartier, who had shouldered a musket at
St Denis, became the lifelong colleague of Sir John Macdonald and was
made a baronet by his sovereign. Dr Wolfred Nelson returned to his
practice in Montreal in 1842. In 1844 he was elected member of
parliament for the county of Richelieu. In 1851 he was appointed an
inspector of prisons. Thomas Storrow Brown, on his return to Montreal,
took up again his business in hardware, and is remembered to-day by
Canadian numismatists as having been one of the first to issue a
halfpenny token, which bore his name and is still sought by collectors.
Robert Bouchette recovered from the serious wound he had sustained at
Moore's Corners, and later became Her Majesty's commissioner of customs
at Ottawa.

Papineau returned to Canada in 1845. The greater part of his period of
exile he spent in Paris, where he came in touch with the 'red
republicans' who later supported the revolution of 1848. He entered
the Canadian parliament in 1847 and sat in it until 1854. {132} But he
proved to be completely out of harmony with the new order of things
under responsible government. Even with his old lieutenant LaFontaine,
who had made possible his return to Canada, he had an open breach. The
truth is that Papineau was born to live in opposition. That he himself
realized this is clear from a laughing remark which he made when
explaining his late arrival at a meeting: 'I waited to take an
opposition boat.' His real importance after his return to Canada lay
not in the parliamentary sphere, but in the encouragement which he gave
to those radical and anti-clerical ideas that found expression in the
foundation of the _Institut Canadien_ and the formation of the _Parti
Rouge_. In many respects the _Parti Rouge_ was the continuation of the
_Patriote_ party of 1837. Papineau's later days were quiet and
dignified. He retired to his seigneury of La Petite Nation at
Montebello and devoted himself to his books. With many of his old
antagonists he effected a pleasant reconciliation. Only on rare
occasions did he break his silence; but on one of these, when he came
to Montreal, an old silver-haired man of eighty-one years, to deliver
an address before the _Institut Canadien_, he uttered a sentence which
may be taken as {133} the _apologia pro vita sua_: 'You will believe
me, I trust, when I say to you, I love my country.... Opinio