Aqueducts--Distribution in
city--Drainage--Disposal of the Dead--Cremation and
Burial--Catacombs--Public Health Regulations

APPENDIX.

FEES IN ANCIENT TIMES 162

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Asklepios, the ancient Greek Deity of Healing _frontispiece_

Machaon (Son of Asklepios), the first Greek Military
Surgeon, attending to the wounded Menelaus _p._ 17

PLATE I.--Bust of AEsculapius _face p._ 13

" II.--Hygeia, the Greek Deity of Health " 15

" III.--Facade of Temple of Asklepios, restored (Delfrasse) " 18

" IV.--Health Temple, restored (Caton) " 20

OUTLINES OF Greek and Roman Medicine

CHAPTER I.

EARLY ROMAN MEDICINE.

Origin of Healing--Temples--Lectisternium--Temple of
AEsculapius--Archagathus--Domestic Medicine--Greek Doctors--Cloaca
Maxima--Aqueducts--State of the early Empire.

The origin of the healing art in Ancient Rome is shrouded in
uncertainty. The earliest practice of medicine was undoubtedly theurgic,
and common to all primitive peoples. The offices of priest and of
medicine-man were combined in one person, and magic was invoked to take
the place of knowledge. There is much scope for the exercise of the
imagination in attempting to follow the course of early man in his
efforts to bring plants into medicinal use. That some of the indigenous
plants had therapeutic properties was often an accidental discovery,
leading in the next place to experiment and observation. Cornelius
Agrippa, in his book on occult philosophy, states that mankind has
learned the use of many remedies from animals. It has even been
suggested that the use of the enema was discovered by observing a
long-beaked bird drawing up water into its beak, and injecting the water
into the bowel. The practice of healing, crude and imperfect, progressed
slowly in ancient times and was conducted in much the same way in Rome,
and among the Egyptians, the Jews, the Chaldeans, Hindus and Parsees,
and the Chinese and Tartars.

The Etruscans had considerable proficiency in philosophy and medicine,
and to this people, as well as to the Sabines, the Ancient Romans were
indebted for knowledge. Numa Pompilius, of Sabine origin, who was King
of Rome 715 B.C., studied physical science, and, as Livy relates, was
struck by lightning and killed as the result of his experiment