g tumours;
instruments for tapping in cases of dropsy (such an instrument was
described by Celsus); seven varieties of probes; bronze catheters; 89
specimens of pincers; various kinds of knives, bone-elevators, lancets,
spatulas, cauteries, saws, and trephines.[21]

There were several physicians and surgeons of the name of _Herodotus_. A
famous surgeon of that name lived in Rome about A.D. 100. He was a pupil
of Athenaeus, and is quoted by Galen and Oribasius. This Herodotus,
according to Baas, was the discoverer of pomegranate root as a remedy
for tapeworm.

_Heliodorus_ was a famous surgeon of Rome, and lived about the same time
as Herodotus. He was the contemporary of Juvenal. He performed internal
urethrotomy, and wrote on amputations, injuries of the head, and hernia.

_Caelius Aurelianus_ probably lived in the first century of the Christian
era, but some writers believe that he was a contemporary of Galen and a
rival, because the one never mentions nor is mentioned by the other; but
this view is unnecessarily severe upon the standard of medical ethics
attained by the leaders of the profession in early times. From the style
of his writings, it has been deduced that Caelius Aurelianus was not a
native of Greece or of Rome. He belonged strictly to the sect of the
Methodici, and his writings are important as revealing very fully the
teaching of this sect. He mentions some diseases not previously
described, and had a good knowledge of symptoms. He divided diseases
into two classes, acute and chronic, or, more in conformity with the
terminology of the Methodici, those of constriction and those of
relaxation. Aurelianus did not concern himself with inquiring into the
causation of diseases. His method was to find out the class to which a
disease belonged, and to treat it accordingly. He was very practical in
his views, and did a great deal to place treatment upon a satisfactory
basis. His chief weakness was his failure to recognize the various
differences and gradations, and he attached far too much importance to
the two classes recognized by his school. He withheld active treatment
until he had ascertained to his own satisfaction the class to which the
disease belonged. Caelius Aurelianus wrote three books on acute diseases
and five on chronic diseases. He cites the case of a patient who was
cured of dropsy by tapping, and of a person who was shot through the
lungs with an arrow and recovered. He agreed with Aretaeus i