other physicians of the same
name. Galen quotes a book by Soranus on pharmacy, and Caelius Aurelianus
one on fevers. He is also quoted by Tertullian, and by Paulus AEgineta,
who writes that Soranus was one of the first Greek physicians to
describe the guinea-worm. Soranus, in the opinion of St. Augustine, was
_Medicinae auctor nobilissimus_. He was far removed from the prejudices
and superstitions of his time, as is shown by his denunciation of
magical incantations.

_Rufus_, of Ephesus, also lived in the reign of Trajan (A.D. 98-117).
His books reveal the state of anatomical knowledge at Alexandria before
the time of Galen. The recurrent nerves were then recently discovered.
He considered the spleen a useless organ. He understood that pressure on
the nerves and not on the carotid arteries causes loss of voice, and
that the nerves proceed from the brain, and are sensory and motor. The
heart, he considered, was the seat of life, and he observed that its
left ventricle is smaller and thicker than the right. The method of
checking bleeding from blood-vessels by torsion was known to him. He
demonstrated the investing membrane of the crystalline lens of the
eye.[22] He wrote also a treatise in thirty-seven chapters on gout. Many
of the works of Rufus are lost, but fragments are preserved in other
medical writings.

_Marinus_ was an anatomist and physician who lived in the first and
second centuries after Christ. Quintus was one of his pupils.

Marinus wrote twenty volumes on anatomy, of which Galen gives an
abridgment and analysis. Galen says that Marinus was one of the
restorers of anatomical science. Marinus investigated the glands and
compared them to sponges, and he imagined that their function was to
moisten and lubricate the surrounding structures. He discovered the
glands of the intestines. He also wrote a commentary on the aphorisms of
Hippocrates. It is uncertain if he is the Postumius Marinus who was
physician to the younger Pliny.

_Quintus_ was renowned in Rome in the first half of the second century
after Christ. Like Galen he suffered from the jealousy and persecution
of his professional rivals, who trumped up a charge against him of
killing his patients, and he had to flee from the city. He was known as
an expert anatomist, but published no medical writings. It has been
stated by some of the writers on the history of medicine that Quintus
was the tutor of Galen, but this statement is lacking in definite