who are exceedingly ferocious,
have been accused of cannibalism. It is they who preserve human heads
in such a remarkable way. When one of their warriors has killed an
enemy he cuts off the head with his bamboo knife, removes the brain,
soaks the head in a vegetable oil, takes out bones of the skull, and
dries the remaining parts by putting hot pebbles inside of it. At the
same time care is taken to preserve all the features and the hair
intact. By repeating the process with the hot pebbles many times the
head finally becomes shrunken to that of a small doll, though still
retaining its human aspect, so that the effect produced is very weird
and uncanny. Lastly, the head is decorated with brilliant feathers, and
the lips are fastened together with a string, by which the head is
suspended from the rafters of the council-house."

Ancient Customs.--According to Herodotus the ancient Lydians and Medes,
and according to Plato the islanders in the Atlantic, cemented
friendship by drinking human blood. Tacitus speaks of Asian princes
swearing allegiance with their own blood, which they drank. Juvenal
says that the Scythians drank the blood of their enemies to quench
their thirst.

Occasionally a religious ceremony has given sanction to cannibalism. It
is said that in the Island of Chios there was a rite by way of
sacrifice to Dionysius in which a man was torn limb from limb, and
Faber tells us that the Cretans had an annual festival in which they
tore a living bull with their teeth. Spencer quotes that among the
Bacchic orgies of many of the tribes of North America, at the
inauguration of one of the Clallum chiefs on the northwest coast of
British America, the chief seized a small dog and began to devour it
alive, and also bit the shoulders of bystanders. In speaking of these
ceremonies, Boas, quoted by Bourke, says that members of the tribes
practicing Hamatsa ceremonies show remarkable scars produced by biting,
and at certain festivals ritualistic cannibalism is practiced, it being
the duty of the Hamatsa to bite portions of flesh out of the arms,
legs, or breast of a man.

Another cause of cannibalism, and the one which deserves discussion
here, is genuine perversion or depravity of the appetite for human
flesh among civilized persons,--the desire sometimes being so strong as
to lead to actual murder. Several examples of this anomaly are on
record. Gruner of Jena speaks of a man by the name of Goldschmidt, in
the enviro