euts, Kolos, Chinese, Tartars from the Blue Sea,
and Mussulmans, descended from the ancient migrations from Turkestan.
Everything in the town bears the impress of violence. Nobody walks the
streets without a great sabre at his side, and without affecting, at
least, a fierce determination to use it on the shortest notice. Not an
hour passes without some street combat.

[Picture: The Jin Seng, a medicinal root of China]

NOTES.

{11} Notwithstanding the slight importance of the Tartar tribes, we
shall give them the name of kingdoms, because the chiefs of these tribes
are called _Wang_ (King.)

{12} Sixth Emperor of the Tartar-Mantchou dynasty. He died in the year
1849.

{16} The Chinese _Li_ is about equivalent to the quarter of an English
mile.

{23} Dried dung, which constitutes the chief, and indeed in many places
the sole fuel in Tartary.

{35} With the exception of a very few inaccuracies, this map of the
Chinese empire is a most excellent one. We found it of the most valuable
aid throughout our journey.--Huc.

An English version of the map is prefixed to this volume.--ED.

{43} The English, then at war with the Chinese, were designated by the
Tartars the _Rebels of the South_.

{51} "Voyage a Peking, a travers la Mongolie, par M. G. Timkouski,"
chap. ii., p. 57.

{93} The anecdote, which we give as we heard it, must have reference to
Tchun-Tche's father, who died immediately after the conquest. Tchun-Tche
himself was only four years old at the time.

{105} The Chinese designate them San Pao; the Mantchous, Ilan Baobai;
the Mongols, Korban erdeni; and the Thibetians, Tchok-Soum.

{116} The Fathers Jesuits introduced the use of Arabic numerals into the
Observatory at Peking.

{141} The bed of the Yellow River has undergone numerous and notable
variations. In ancient times, its mouth was situated in the Gulf of
Pe-Tchi-Li, in latitude 39. At present it is in the 34th parallel,
twenty-five leagues from the primitive point. The Chinese government is
compelled annually to expend enormous sums in keeping the river within
its bed and preventing inundations. In 1779, the embankment for this
purpose cost no less a sum than 1,600,000 pounds. Yet, despite these
precautions, inundations are of frequent occurrence; for the bed of the
Yellow River, in the provinces of Ho-Nan and Kiang-Sou, is higher for 200
leagues than the plain through which it passes. This bed, continu