ection with Fig. 11, which illustrates practically the same
equipment as is shown in Figs. 9 and 10. The successive order in which
the various operations are performed is as follows: Tool _a_ (see sketch
_A_) rough turns the side of the rim, while tool _b_, which is set with
its cutting edge toward the rear, rough turns the outside. The direction
of the feeding movement for each tool is indicated by the arrows. When
tool _a_ has crossed the rim, it is moved over for facing the hub, as
shown by the dotted lines. The side and periphery of the rim are next
finished by the broad-nose finishing tools _c_ and _d_ (see sketch _B_).
The feed should be increased for finishing, so that each tool will have
a movement of say 1/4 or 3/8 inch per revolution of the work, and the
cuts should, at least, be deep enough to remove the marks made by the
roughing tools. Tool _c_ is also used for finishing the hub as indicated
by the dotted lines. After these cuts are taken, the outside of the hub
and inner surface of the rim are usually turned down as far as the
spokes, by using offset tools similar to the ones shown at _C_ and _D_
in Fig. 7. The corners of the rim and hub are also rounded to give the
work a more finished appearance, by using a tool _L_.

The next operation is that of finishing the hole through the hub. The
hard scale is first removed by a roughing cutter _r_ (sketch _C_), which
is followed by a "sizing" cutter _s_. The hole is then finished smooth
and to the right diameter by reamer _f_. The bars carrying cutters _r_
and _s_ have extensions or "pilots" which enter a close-fitting bushing
in the table, in order to steady the bar and hold it in alignment.

When the hole is finished, the wheel is turned over, so that the lower
side of the rim and hub can be faced. The method of holding the casting
for the final operation is shown at _D_. The chuck jaws are removed, and
the finished side of the rim is clamped against parallels _p_ resting on
the table. The wheel is centrally located for turning this side by a
plug _e_ which is inserted in a hole in the table and fits the bore of
the hub. The wheel is held by clamps which bear against the spokes.
Roughing and finishing cuts are next taken over the top surface of the
rim and hub and the corners are rounded, which completes the machining
operations. If the rim needs to be a certain width, about the same
amount of metal should be removed from each side, unless sandy spots or
"blow-