played a great part in the rise of modern
fortification.

He did not seek employment in the field in the aggressive wars of
Napoleon, remaining a sincere republican, but in 1814, when France
itself was once more in danger, Carnot at once offered his services. He
was made a general of division, and Napoleon sent him to the important
fortress of Antwerp as governor. His defence of that place was one of
the most brilliant episodes of the campaign of 1814. On his return to
Paris he addressed a political memoir to the restored king of France,
which aroused much attention both in France and abroad. He joined
Napoleon during the Hundred Days and was made minister of the interior,
the office carrying with it the dignity of count, and on the 2nd of June
he was made a peer of France. On the second Restoration he was
proscribed. He lived thenceforward in Magdeburg, occupying himself still
with science. But his health rapidly declined, and he died at Magdeburg
on the 2nd of August 1823. His remains were solemnly removed to the
Pantheon in 1889. Long before this, in 1836, Antwerp had erected a
statue to its defender of 1814. In 1837 Arago pronounced his _eloge_
before the Academie des Sciences. The sincerity of his patriotism and
his political convictions was proved in 1801-1804 and in 1814. The
memory of his military career is preserved in the title, given to him in
the Assembly, of "The organizer of victory." His sons, Sadi and L.
Hippolyte, are separately noticed.

AUTHORITIES.--Baron de B..., _Vie privee, politique, et morale de
L.N.M. Carnot_ (Paris, 1816); Serieys, _Carnot, sa vie politique et
privee_ (Paris, 1816); Mandar, _Notice biographique sur le general
Carnot_, &c. (Paris, 1818); W. Korte, _Das Leben L.N.M. Carnots_
(Leipzig, 1820); P.F. Tissot, _Memoires historiques et militaires sur
Carnot_ (Paris, 1824); Arago, _Biographie de Carnot_ (Paris, 1850);
Hippolyte Carnot, _Memoires sur Carnot_ (Paris, 1863); C. Remond,
_Notice biographique sur le grand Carnot_ (Dijon 1880); A. Picaud,
_Carnot, l'organisateur de la victoire_ (Paris, 1885 and 1887); A.
Burdeau, _Une Famille de patriotes_ (Paris, 1888); L. Hennet, _Lazare
Carnot_ (Paris, 1888); G. Hubbard, _Une Famille republicaine_ (Paris,
1888); M. Dreyfous, _Les Trois Carnot_ (Paris, 1888); M. Bonnal,
_Carnot, d'apres les archives_, &c. (Paris, 1888); and memoir by E.
Charavaray in _La Grande Encyclopedie._

CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI