e a summary of the
speech, a good-humored bit of color, a picture of the benefits
to be derived from the adoption of the orator's plan, or an
impassioned appeal for action.

Sermons and political speeches are usually argumentative and hence of
this type. Sometimes, however, an orator and his theme are so well known
that he omits all except 3 and 4; occasionally all except 4 disappear.
Lectures often contain only 3, as their purpose is only to convey
information. Usually, however, a speech without an argument is like a
gas engine without gas; it has no "go." The speech that does not aim to
get people to do something is usually flat, stale, and unprofitable.

IV. Models

I

LONDON, March 22, 1775.--Conciliation as a means of allaying the
present discontent in the American colonies was advocated in the
House of Commons to-day by Mr. Edmund Burke. He proposed that
Parliament abandon the idea of taxing the colonies, and instead
place on the statute book an act acknowledging that the various
colonial legislative bodies have the power to grant or refuse
aids to the crown. Though his speech, which lasted over three
hours, was heard with respect, the measures which he proposed
were defeated by a strict party vote, 270 to 78.

Mr. Burke spoke with a dignity and power which have not been
surpassed even by the Earl of Chatham. His mastery of the
subject was so complete and the form of his speech so perfect
that competent judges pronounce it a classic. His speech is to
be printed at once as a pamphlet.

In outline Mr. Burke said: "As I have studied this American
question for years, have held fixed opinions on it since 1766,
and have nothing to gain except disgrace if I suggest a foolish
solution of the problem, I believe that you will hear me with
patience. My speech will consist of the discussion of two
questions: (1) Should we attempt to conciliate the Americans?
(2) If so, how? America is already powerful by virtue of
population, commerce, and agriculture. The chief characteristic
of the American people is their fierce love of freedom. There
are only three ways to deal with this spirit: (1) To remove it
by removing its causes; (2) to punish it as criminal; (3) to
comply with it as necessary. Its causes are irremovable, being
the love of independence which caused their ancestors to leave
Englan