18. Lord Mandeville resigned in 1621, the earl of
Middlesex, displaced in 1624; the earl of Marlborough succeeded. The
lord admirals were, the earl of Nottingham, who resigned in 1618; the
earl, afterwards duke of Buckingham. The secretaries of state were, the
earl of Salisbury, Sir Ralph Winwood, Nanton, Calvert, Lord Conway, Sir
Albertus Moreton.

The numbers of the house of lords, in the first parliament of this
reign, were seventy-eight temporal peers. The numbers in the first
parliament of Charles were ninety-seven. Consequently James, during that
period, created nineteen new peerages above those that expired.

The house of commons, in the first parliament of this reign, consisted
of four hundred and sixty-seven members. It appears that four boroughs
revived their charters, which they had formerly neglected. And as the
first parliament of Charles consisted of four hundred and ninety-four
members, we may infer that James created ten new boroughs.

APPENDIX TO THE REIGN OF JAMES I.[*]

* This history of the house of Stuart was written and
published by the author before the history of the house of
Tudor. Hence it happens that some passages, particularly in
the present Appendix, may seem to be repetitions of what was
formerly delivered in the reign of Elizabeth. The author, in
order to obviate this objection, has cancelled some few
passages in the foregoing chapters.

It may not be improper, at this period, to make a pause, and to take a
survey of the state of the kingdom with regard to government, manners,
finances, arms, trade, learning. Where a just notion is not formed of
these particulars, history can be little instructive, and often will not
be intelligible.

We may safely pronounce that the English government, at the accession
of the Scottish line, was much more arbitrary than it is at present; the
prerogative less limited, the liberties of the subject less accurately
defined and secured. Without mentioning other particulars, the courts
alone of high commission and star chamber were sufficient to lay the
whole kingdom at the mercy of the prince.

The court of high commission had been erected by Elizabeth, in
consequence of an act of parliament passed in the beginning of her
reign: by this act it was thought proper during the great revolution of
religion, to arm the sovereign with full powers, in order to discourage
and suppress opposition. All appeals from the i