ng future wars between one another,
hereby constitute themselves into a League of Nations and solemnly
undertake jointly and severally to fulfill the obligations imposed
upon them in the following articles:

"A

"Each power signatory or adherent hereto severally covenants and
guarantees that it will not violate the territorial integrity or
impair the political independence of any other power signatory or
adherent to this convention except when authorized so to do by a
decree of the arbitral tribunal hereinafter referred to or by a
three-fourths vote of the International Council of the League of
Nations created by this convention.

"B

"In the event that any power signatory or adherent hereto shall fail
to observe the covenant and guaranty set forth in the preceding
article, such breach of covenant and guaranty shall _ipso facto_
operate as an abrogation of this convention in so far as it applies
to the offending power and furthermore as an abrogation of all
treaties, conventions, and agreements heretofore or hereafter entered
into between the offending power and all other powers signatory and
adherent to this convention.

"C

"A breach of the covenant and guaranty declared in Article A shall
constitute an act unfriendly to all other powers signatory and
adherent hereto, and they shall forthwith sever all diplomatic,
consular, and official relations with the offending power, and shall,
through the International Council, hereinafter provided for, exchange
views as to the measures necessary to restore the power, whose
sovereignty has been invaded, to the rights and liberties which it
possessed prior to such invasion and to prevent further
violation thereof.

"D

"Any interference with a vessel on the high seas or with aircraft
proceeding over the high seas, which interference is not
affirmatively sanctioned by the law of nations shall be, for the
purposes of this convention, considered an impairment of political
independence."

In considering the foregoing series of articles constituting a guaranty
against one's own acts, instead of a guaranty against the acts of
another, it must be remembered that, at the time of their preparation, I
had not seen a draft of the President's proposed guaranty, though from
conversations with Colonel House and from my study of Point XIV of "The
Fourteen Points," I knew tha