races of a
large town, still exist. Sumerkent is unknown, but may have been near
Astrachan, formerly named Hadschi-Aidar-Khan. But there are ruins of a
town still existing on both sides of the Volga, which are now used for
the purpose of making saltpetre.--Forst.

[3] Schabran, or Schabiran.--E.

[4] Shamaki, in Shirvan.--E.

[5] The Karai, on which Tefflis or Tiblis stands, runs from the north-west;
the Demur, Araz or Araxes from the west; and both united form the Kur,
which runs directly south into the Caspian.--E.

[6] Georgia or Gurgistan is to the north-west of the plain of Mogan.--E.

[7] These were the ancestors of the present Turks, who laid the foundation
of the Osmanian or Othoman empire. Kanja, called Ganges or Ganghe in
the text, was their capital.--Frost.

[8] This passage is erroneous or corrupted. In travelling westwards up the
Araxes or Araz, he had Persia on his left, to the south, Georgia on
his right, to the north, and the Caspian sea and mountains of the
Iron-gate were left _behind_ him, to the _east_ and north-east.--E.

[9] Westwards.--E.

[10] Arz-roum on the Frat or Euphrates, perhaps a corruption of Arx-
romanorum; as the Turks give the name of Roum to a part of Lesser
Asia; and all the eastern nations call the Constantinopolitan empire
Roum to this day.--E.

[11] Turkey, in these travels of Rubruquis, is always, to be understood as
referring to the Turkish dominion in Asia Minor, of which Konieh or
Iconium was the capital.--E.

[12] Nak-sivan, or Nag-jowan.--E.

[13] This must be an error for eighty.--E.

[14] Rubruquis here tells a long story of an Armenian prophecy, from which
they expected to be freed from the iron yoke of the Tartars, by St
Louis, not worth inserting.--E.

[15] Kurke or Kurch.--E.

[16] Aias-cala, in the gulf of Aiasso, or Scanderoon.--E.

[17] Antioch or Antakia.--E.

[18] Ptolomais, or St John d'Acre.--E.

CHAP. X.

_Travels of Haitho, Prince of Armenia, in Tartary, in 1254 [1]._

SECTION I.

Introduction.

Haitho, or Hatto, was the son of Livon, or Leon II., nephew of Haitho I.,
king of Armenia Minor, in Lesser Asia. At the demise of his father, he
refused to accept of the crown, which he resigned in favour of his brother
Thores or Theodore; but assisted him and his son and successor, Leon III.,
in all the wars and troubles in which they were engaged during many y