the arrival of Stanley at Lake Albert had caused rumours, which
quickly spread to Omdurman, of a great invading white pasha, with the
result that in July the khalifa sent up the river three steamers and
six barges, containing 4000 troops, to oppose this new-comer. In
October Omar-Saleh, the Mahdist commander, took Rejaf and sent
messengers to Dufile to summon Emin to surrender; but on the 15th of
November the mutineers released both Emin and Jephson, who returned to
Lake Albert with some 600 refugees, and joined Stanley in February
1889. The expedition arrived at Zanzibar at the end of the year.

Emin's mutinous troops kept the dervishes at bay between Wadelai and
Rejaf, and eventually severely defeated them, driving them back to
Rejaf. They did not, however, follow up their victory, and under the
leadership of Fadl-el-Maula Bey remained about Wadelai, while the
dervishes strengthened their post at Rejaf. In 1893 Fadl-el-Maula Bey
and many of his men took service with Baert of the Congo State
expedition. The bey was killed fighting the dervishes at Wandi in
January 1894, and the remnant of his men eventually were found by
Captain Thruston from Uganda on the 23rd of March 1894 at Mahagi, on
the Albert Nyanza, whither they had drifted from Wadelai in search of
supplies. They were enlisted by Thruston and brought back under the
British flag to Uganda.

In consequence of the Franco-Congolese Treaty of 1894, Major
Cunningham and Lieutenant Vandeleur were sent from Uganda to Dufile,
where they planted the British flag on the 15th of January 1895.

SUDAN OPERATIONS, 1896-1900

Dongola campaign, 1896.

The wonderful progress--political, economical and social--which Egypt
had made during British occupation, so ably set forth in Sir Alfred
Milner's _England in Egypt_ (published in 1892), together with the
revelation in so strong a light of the character of the khalifa's
despotism in the Sudan and the miserable condition of his misgoverned
people, as detailed in the accounts of their captivity at Omdurman by
Father Ohrwalder and Slatin Bey (published in 1892 and 1896), stirred
public opinion in Great Britain, and brought the question of the
recovery of the Sudan into prominence. A change of ministry took place
in 1895, and Lord Salisbury's cabinet, which had consistently assailed
the Egyptian policy of the old, was not unwilling to consider whether
the flourishing condition of