gave a grant-in-aid of
L800,000, and the balance was borne by the Egyptian treasury. The
railway, delayed by the construction of the big bridge over the
Atbara, was opened to the Blue Nile opposite Khartum, 187 m. from the
Atbara, at the end of 1899. (R. H. V.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] By the Greek and Roman geographers Egypt was usually assigned to
Libya (Africa), but by some early writers the Nile was thought to
mark the division between Libya and Asia. The name occurs in Homer as
[Greek: Aigyptos], but is of doubtful origin.

[2] A vivid description of Cairo during the prevalence of plague in
1835 will be found in A. W. Kinglake's _Eothen_.

[3] A _kantar_ equals 99 lb.

[4] To the ministry of public instruction was added in 1906 a
department of agriculture and technical instruction.

[5] The place of publication is London unless otherwise stated.

[6] The figures of the debt are always given in L sterling. The
budget figures are in LE. (pounds Egyptian), equal to L1, 0s. 6d.

[7] _Egypt_, No. 1 (1905), p. 20.

[8] Similar mortality, though on a smaller scale, recurred in 1889,
when Sudanese battalions coming from Suakin were detained temporarily
in Cairo.

[9] Formerly transcribed _hau_ or "heap"-problems.

[10] Clepsydras inscribed in hieroglyphic are found soon after the
Macedonian conquest.

[11] Annual reports of the progress of the work are printed in the
_Sitzungsberichte_ of the Berlin Academy of Sciences; see also Erman,
_Zur agyptischen Sprachforschung_, ib. for 1907, p. 400, showing the
general trend of the results.

[12] In the temple of Philae, where the worship of Isis was permitted
to continue till the reign of Justinian, Brugsch found demotic
inscriptions with dates to the end of the 5th century.

[13] The Arabic dialects, which gradually displaced Coptic as
Mahommedanism supplanted Christianity, adopted but few words of the
old native stock.

[14] In the articles referring to matters of Egyptology in this
edition, Graecized forms of Old Egyptian names, where they exist, are
commonly employed; in other cases names are rendered by their actual
equivalents in Coptic or by analogous forms. Failing all such means,
recourse is had to the usual conventional renderings of hieroglyphic
spelling, a more precise transcription of the consonants in the
latter being sometime