livestock farming; principal crops and livestock
include potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle,
pigs, poultry; net importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons
in 1987;
East--accounts for about 10% of GNP (including fishing and forestry);
principal crops--wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit;
livestock products include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins;
net importer of food; fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in 1987

_#_Economic aid:
West--donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion;
East--donor--$4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist less
developed countries (1956-88)

_#_Currency: deutsche mark (plural--marks);
1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige

_#_Exchange rates: deutsche marks (DM) per US$1--1.5100 (January
1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987), 2.1715
(1986), 2.9440 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*_Communications
_#_Railroads:
West--31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter
standard gauge (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified);
4,022 km nongovernment owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge (214 km electrified) and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km
electrified);
East--14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
275 km 1.000-meter or other narrow gauge; 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter
double-track standard gauge; 3,475 km overhead electrified (1988)

_#_Highways:
West--466,305 km total; 169,568 km primary, includes 6,435 km
autobahn, 32,460 km national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state
highways (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen);
296,737 km of secondary communal roads (Gemeindestrassen);
East--124,604 km total; 47,203 km concrete, asphalt, stone block,
of which 1,855 km are autobahn and limited access roads, 11,326 are trunk
roads, and 34,022 are regional roads; 77,401 municipal roads (1988)

_#_Inland waterways:
West--5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-metric
ton capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel
Canal is an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea;
East--2,319 km (1988)

_#_Pipelines: crude oil 3,644 km, refined products 3,946 km,
natural gas 97,564 km (1988)

_#_Ports: maritime--Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden,
Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel, Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, Rostock, Wismar,
Stralsund, Sassnitz; inland--31 major