dustrial establishments.

Catalonia was one of the first of the Roman possessions in Spain, and
formed the north-eastern portion of Hispania Tarraconensis. About 470 it
was occupied by the Alans and Goths. It was conquered by the Moors in
712, but these invaders were in turn dispossessed by the Spaniards and
the troops of Charlemagne in 788. Catalonia was subsequently ruled by
French counts, who soon, however, made themselves independent of France.
By the marriage of Count Raymond Berenger IV. of Barcelona with
Petronilla of Aragon, Catalonia became annexed to Aragon; but this union
was frequently severed. In 1640, when Philip IV. attempted to deprive
Catalonia of its rights and privileges, it gave itself up to Louis XIII.
of France. It was restored to Spain in 1659, and was once more occupied
by the French from 1694 to 1697. Under Philip V. Catalonia, in 1714, was
deprived of its cortes and liberties. From 1808 to 1813 it was held by
France. It was the scene of civil war in 1823, and of important
revolutionary operations in the Carlist wars.

The history and literature of Catalonia have been closely studied, and
in many cases the results of research are published in the Catalan
language. See _Cataluna, sus monumentos y artes, su naturaleza e
historia_ (2 vols. of the illustrated series _Espana_), by P.
Pifferrer, F. Pi Margall, and A.A. Pijoan (Barcelona, 1884); _Historia
de Cataluna_, by V. Balaguer (11 vols., Madrid, 1886, &c.); _Historia
de Cataluna_, by A. Bori y Fontesta (Barcelona, 1898); _Origines
historicos de Cataluna_, by J. Balari y Jovany (Barcelona, 1899);
_Coleccio dels monografias de Catalunya_, by J. Reig y Vilardell
(Barcelona, 1890); _Historia del derecho en Catalonia, Mallorca y
Valencia_, by B. Oliver (Madrid, 1876-1880); and _Antigua marina
catalana_, by F. de Bofarull y Sans (Barcelona, 1898). The _Revista
catalana_ (Catalan Review), published at Barcelona from 1889, contains
many valuable papers on local affairs. See also SPAIN: sections
_Language, Literature_ and _History_, and BARCELONA.

CATALPA, in botany, a genus belonging to the family _Bignoniaceae_ and
containing about ten species in America and eastern Asia. The best known
is _Catalpa bignonioides_, a native of the eastern United States which
is often cultivated in parks and gardens. It is a stately tree with
large heart-shaped pointed leaves and panicles of white bell-shaped
flowers streaked with ye