e time of war for paing the money called substitute [relief
from the draft]* money to the Congress agents. M[r]. W's case is really
hard. He suffered as above by his friends for aiding Congress and his
estate was conviscated [_sic_] by the state for being a loyalist."
[*Phrase bracketed in quotation.]

[64] Dunaway, _The Scotch-Irish of Colonial Pennsylvania_, pp. 197-198.

[65] _Ibid._, p. 198. An example of this attitude is found in this entry
in the "Diary of the Unknown Traveler," p. 310: "This afternoon 24 July
[1794] a person with two horses, one he rode, the other lead, called at
Wittekers for a pint of wine, but on account of him being intoxicated
before Mr. W. told him he had had enough & would not let him have any.
Where could we find so disinterested a tavernkeeper in England? In
England they never refuse as long as they pay, but here the man had the
money ready if they would let him have the wine."

[66] This conclusion was reached after the reading of some three hundred
wills in the probate records of Northumberland and Lycoming counties.
This particular reference is from James Caldwell's will, Nov. 20, 1815,
located in Will Book #1, p. 108, Lycoming County Courthouse.

[67] Clark, "Pioneer Life in the New Purchase," p. 22. Beds and feather
beds seem to have been status symbols of a sort often willed to the wife
or included as a dowry.

CHAPTER SIX

_Leadership and the Problems of the Frontier_

Any analysis of democracy in the Fair Play territory must consider the
question of leadership and the particular problems of that frontier. The
number of leaders and their roles, the marks of leadership, and the
circumstances which brought certain men to the fore must all be
considered. Was there some correlation between property-holdings, or
national origin, and leadership? Were there certain offices conducive to
the exercise of leadership? The subject of leadership entails inquiry
into each of these areas.

Unfortunately, only one biographical study of any Fair Play leader has
ever been attempted, that of Henry Antes.[1] As a result, the patterns
of leadership must be gleaned from court records, tax lists, lists of
public officials, and petitions from the settlers of this frontier.
Consequently, what follows gives us some general understanding of the
nature of leadership but offers little in the way of insight into the
personalities of the leaders.

Using the Curti study as an example, certain ob