herb, and obviates the necessity of replanting every
second or third year, as must be done in older settled localities."

In India the perfumed oils are obtained in the following manner:--The
layers of the jasmine, or other flowers, four inches thick and two
inches square, are laid on the ground and covered with layers of
sesamum or any other oil yielding seed. These are laid about the same
thickness as the flowers, over which a second layer of flowers like
the fruit is placed. The seed is wetted with water, and the whole mass
covered with a sheet, held down at the end and sides by weights, and
allowed to remain for eighteen hours in this form. It is now fit for
the mill, unless the perfume is desired to be very strong, when the
faded flowers are removed and fresh ones put in their place. The seed
thus impregnated is ground in the usual way in the mill and the oil
expressed, having the scent of the flower. At Ghazipoor the jasmine
and bela are chiefly employed; the oil is kept in the dubbers, and
sold for about 4s. a seer.

The newest oils afford the finest perfume. In Europe a fixed oil,
usually that of the bean or morerja nut, is employed. Cotton is soaked
in this, and laid over layers of flowers, the oil being squeezed out
so soon as impregnated with perfume. Dr. Johnson thus describes the
culture and manufacture:--

_Cultivation of Roses_.--Around the station of Ghazipoor, there are
about 300 biggahs (or about 150 acres) of ground laid out in small
detached fields as rose gardens, most carefully protected on all
sides by high mud walls and prickly pear fences, to keep out the
cattle. These lands, which belong to Zemindars, are planted with
rose trees, and are annually let out at so much per biggah for the
ground, and so much additional for the rose plants--generally five
rupees per biggah, and twenty-five rupees for the rose trees, of
which there are 1,000 in each biggah. The additional expense for
cultivation would be about eight rupees eight annas; so that for
thirty-eight rupees eight annas you have for the season one biggah
of 1,000 rose trees.

If the season is good, this biggah of 1,000 rose trees should yield
one lac of roses. Purchases for roses are always made at so much per
lac. The price of course varies according to the year, and will
average from 40 to 70 rupees.

_Manufacture of Rose-water_.--The rose trees come into flower a