of May, and the unexpected intelligence
shocked Lee profoundly. He mourned the death of the illustrious
soldier with a sorrow too deep almost to find relief in tears; and
issued a general order to the troops, which was in the following
words:

With deep grief the commanding general announces to the army the
death of Lieutenant-General T.J. Jackson, who expired on the 10th
inst., at quarter-past three P.M. The daring, skill, and energy
of this great and good soldier, by the decree of an All-wise
Providence, are now lost to us. But, while we mourn his death, we
feel that his spirit still lives, and will inspire the whole army
with his indomitable courage and unshaken confidence in God, as
our hope and strength. Let his name be a watchword to his corps,
who have followed him to victory on so many fields. Let his
officers and soldiers emulate his invincible determination to
do every thing in defence of our beloved country. R.E. LEE,
_General_.

It is probable that the composition of this order cost General Lee one
of the severest pangs he ever experienced.

IX.

CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THE INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA.

The defeat of General Hooker at Chancellorsville was the turning-point
of the war, and for the first time there was apparently a possibility
of inducing the Federal Government to relinquish its opposition to the
establishment of a separate authority in the South. The idea of the
formation of a Southern Confederacy, distinct from the old Union, had,
up to this time, been repudiated by the authorities at Washington as a
thing utterly out of the question; but the defeat of the Federal arms
in the two great battles of the Rappahannock had caused the most
determined opponents of separation to doubt whether the South could
be coerced to return to the Union; and, what was equally or more
important, the proclamations of President Lincoln, declaring the
slaves of the South free, and placing the United States virtually
under martial law, aroused a violent clamor from the great Democratic
party of the North, who loudly asserted that all constitutional
liberty was disappearing.

This combination of non-success in military affairs and usurpation by
the Government emboldened the advocates of peace to speak out plainly,
and utter their protest against the continuance of the struggle,
which they declared had only resulted in the prostration of all
the liberties o